Politics of Wales

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Wales

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Politics in Wales forms a distinctive polity in the wider politics of the United Kingdom, with Wales as one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.

Constitutionally, the United Kingdom is de jure a unitary state with one sovereign parliament and government. However, under a system of devolution (or home rule) adopted in the late 1990s three of the four constituent countries within the United Kingdom, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, voted for limited self-government, subject to the ability of the UK Parliament in Westminster, nominally at will, to amend, change, broaden or abolish the national governmental systems. As such the Welsh National Assembly (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) is not de jure sovereign. However, it is thought unlikely that any UK parliament would try to unilaterally abolish the devolved parliament and government without consultation via a referendum with the voters of the constituent country.

Executive power in the United Kingdom is vested in the Queen-in-Council, while legislative power is vested in the Queen-in-Parliament (the Crown and the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster in London). The Government of Wales Act 1998 established devolution in Wales, and certain executive and legislative powers have been constitutionally delegated to the National Assembly for Wales. The scope of these powers are further widened with a second Government of Wales Act 2006 scheduled to be in force by May 2007, after the Welsh general elections.

See also National Assembly for Wales election, 2007

Contents

[edit] Establishment of national institutions

Wales has retained a distinctive national and cultural identity, despite integration with England. A growing cultural consciousness in the 19th century led to the establishment of the National Eisteddfod in 1861, the University of Wales (Prifysgol Cymru) in 1893, and the National Library of Wales (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru) in 1911. In the early 20th Century the emergence of pro-devolution and nationalist groupings prompted the U.K. government to designate Cardiff (Caerdydd) as the capital of Wales in 1955. This was followed by the 1964 creation of the Welsh Office and cabinet position in the U.K. government. Though having failed in 1979, devolution, or home rule, was approved by the Welsh people by refrendum in 1999. The Welsh Office powers were transferred to a newly created National Assembly for Wales (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) and a Welsh Assembly Government (Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru) committee created from within the assembly to exercise these powers. Further authority is scheduled to be devolved in May 2007, with the creation of a Welsh legal system to adjudicate on specific cases of Welsh law.

[edit] Contemporary Welsh politics

[edit] Topics of Welsh politics

Hospital reoganization and closings
Emergency Ambulance arrival times
Availability of services and wait times
Loss of Jobs and closings of buisness
Gaining of Jobs and arrival of buisness
Desire for new Welsh Language Act
  • Devolving Welsh policing authority from London to the Welsh Assembly

[edit] The National Assembly for Wales

Left

Image:Welsh Assembly Building.jpg
The Senedd (Assembly) Building

The National Assembly for Wales (NAW or NAfW) (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru [CCC]‍) is a devolved assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. The assembly building is known as the Senedd. Both English and Welsh languages are treated on a basis of equality in the conduct of businese in the Assembly.

The Assembly was formed under the Government of Wales Act 1998, by the Labour government, following a referendum in 1997. The campaign for a 'yes' vote in the referendum was supported by Welsh Labour, Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats and much of Welsh civic society, such as church groups and the trade union movement.[1] The Conservative Party was the only major political party in Wales to oppose devolution.[2]

The election in 2003 produced an assembly in which half of the assembly seats were held by women. This is thought to be the first time elections to a legislature have produced equal representation for women.[3] Following the Blaenau Gwent by-election in 2006 the Assembly composition is 29 men to 31 women, giving women a majority.

The National Assembly consists of 60 elected members. They use the title Assembly Member (AM) or Aelod y Cynulliad (AC).[4] Since its creation in 1999, the Assembly's presiding officer has been Plaid Cymru member Lord Elis-Thomas.

The Welsh Assembly Government is a commmittee formed from within the National Assembly, and is led by Welsh Labour leader Rhodri Morgan.[5]. The largest opposition party to Welsh Labour is Plaid Cymru; The Party of Wales, currently led by Ieuan Wyn Jones.

The executive and civil servants are based in Cardiff's Cathays Park while the Assembly Members, the Assembly Parliamentary Service and Ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay where a new £67 million Assembly Building, known as the Senedd, has recently been built.[6][7][8]

One important feature of the Assembly is that there is no legal or constitutional separation of the legislative and executive functions, since it is a single corporate entity. Even compared with other parliamentary systems, and other UK devolved countries, this is highly unusual. In reality however there is some sort of day to day separation, and the terms "Assembly Government" and "Assembly Parliamentary Service" have been used to distinguish between the two arms. The Government of Wales Act 2006 will regularise the separation once it comes into effect following the 2007 Assembly Election.

Senedd, home to the National Assembly for Wales
Senedd, home to the National Assembly for Wales

Although the Assembly is a legislature, it currently does not have primary legislative or fiscal powers, as these powers had been reserved by Westminster. However, the position is set to change when the Government of Wales Act 2006 comes into force. The current legislative powers of the Assembly are therefore more limited than most other sub-sovereign state legislatures, such as the Scottish Parliament in the UK or state legislatures in the United States.

The Assembly does have powers to pass secondary legislation in devolved areas. Sometimes secondary legislation can be used to amend primary legislation; however, the scope of this up to now has been very limited; for example, the Government of Wales Act gave the Assembly power to amend primary legislation relating to the merger of certain public bodies.

It is important to note that most secondary powers were conferred on the executive by primary legislation to give the executive, (i.e., Ministers) more powers. By inheriting these powers from ministers, the Assembly has sometimes surprisingly wider legislative powers than appearances would suggest.

For example:

The Assembly delayed local elections due to be held in 2003 for a year by use of secondary powers, so that they would not correspond with Assembly elections. (In 2001 the UK parliament used primary legislation to delay for one month local elections in England during the Foot and Mouth Disease epidemic).

Whilst in theory the Assembly has no tax varying powers, the Assembly in reality has some very limited power over taxes.[citation needed] For example, in Wales, as in England, the rate of Council Tax is set by local authorities, however since the Assembly largely determines the level of grants to local councils, it can influence the level of local taxation indirectly.[citation needed]

In terms of charges for government services it also has some discretion. Notable examples where this discretion has been used and varies significantly to other areas in the UK include:-

  1. Charges for NHS prescriptions in Wales - these are now considerably less than elsewhere in the UK.[9]
  2. Charges for University Tuition - are different for Welsh resident students studying at Welsh Universities, compared with students from or studying elsewhere in the UK.[10]
  3. Charging for Residential Care - In Wales there is a flat rate of contribution towards the cost of nursing care, (roughly comparable to the highest level of English Contribution) for those who require residential care.[11]

This means in reality there is a wider definition of "nursing care" than in England and therefore less dependence on means testing in Wales than in England, meaning that more people are entitled to higher levels of state assistance. These variations in the levels of charges, may be viewed as de facto tax varying powers.

This model of more limited legislative powers is partly because Wales has had the same legal system as England since 1536, when it was annexed by England. Ireland and Scotland were never annexed by England, and so always retained some distinct differences in their legal systems. The Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly, (when it isn't suspended) have deeper and wider powers.

The Assembly inherited the powers and budget of the Secretary of State for Wales and most of the functions of the Welsh Office. It has power to vary laws passed by Westminster using secondary legislation. Peter Hain, whose principal UK cabinet role is as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and who represents a Welsh constituency in the Westminster Parliament, retains a vestigial role as Secretary of State for Wales.

[edit] Welsh Assembly Government

Rhodri Morgan, the First Minister of Wales
Rhodri Morgan, the First Minister of Wales

The Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru, LlCC) is the executive body of the National Assembly for Wales, consisting of the First Minister and his Cabinet. As at September 2005, the Cabinet Members of the Welsh Assembly Government are:

  • First Minister: Rt. Hon Rhodri Morgan
  • Minister for Finance, Local Government and Public Services: Sue Essex
  • Minister for Assembly Business, Equalities & Children: Jane Hutt
  • Minister for Social Justice and Regeneration: Edwina Hart
  • Minister for Enterprise, Innovation and Networks: Andrew Davies
  • Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning & Skills: Jane Davidson
  • Minister for Environment, Planning and Countryside: Carwyn Jones
  • Minister for Health & Social Services: Dr Brian Gibbons
  • Minister for Culture, Welsh Language and Sport: Alun Pugh

The Welsh Assembly Government has no independent executive powers in law (unlike, for instance, the Scottish Ministers and Ministers in the UK government). The Assembly was established as a body corporate by the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the executive, as a committee of the Assembly, only has those powers that the Assembly as a whole votes to vest in ministers. The Government of Wales Act 2006 will formally separate the Assembly and the Welsh Assembly Government giving Welsh Ministers independent executive authority.

[edit] Political parties

Throughout much of the 19th century, Wales was a bastion of the Liberal Party. From the early 20th century, the Labour Party has emerged the most popular political party in Wales, having won the largest share of the vote in at every UK General Election, National Assembly of Wales election and European Parliament election since 1922.[12]. The Wales Labour Party has traditionally been most successful in the industrial south Wales valleys, north east Wales and urban costal areas, such as Cardiff, Newport and Swansea.

The Welsh Conservative Party has historically been the second political party of Wales, having obtained the second largest share of the vote in Wales in a majority of UK General Elections since 1885.[13] In three General Elections (1906, 1997 and 2001) no Conservative MPs were returned to Westminster, while on only two occasions in the 20th Century (1979 and 1983) have more than a quarter of Welsh constituencies been represented by Conservatives. The Welsh Conservative Party is, by vote share the third most popular party (behind Plaid Cymru) in elections to the National Assembly for Wales.

Plaid Cymru - The Party of Wales is the principal nationalist political party in Wales. The Party was formed in 1925, but did not contest a majority of seats in any UK General Election until 1959. In 1966 the first Plaid Cymru MP was returned to Parliament. Plaid Cymru's share of the vote since has averaged 10.2%, with the highest share ever - 14.3% - gained in the 2001 General Election.[14] In elections to the Welsh Assembly Plaid Cymru is the second most popular party by share of the vote. Plaid Cymru is strongest in rural Welsh-speaking areas of north and west Wales.

The Welsh Liberal Democrats are part of the federal Liberal Democrats, and were formed by the merger of the Social Democratic Party (the SDP) and the Liberal Party in 1988. Since then they have gained an average vote share of 14.2% with the highest share - 18.4% - gained at the 2005 General Election. The Welsh Liberal Democrats have the strongest support in rural mid and west Wales. The party performs relatively strongly in local government elections.

[edit] Current party representation

Party MEPs MPs AMs Lacal Authority overall control
Labour 2 of 4 29 of 40 29 of 60 8 of 22
Plaid Cymru 1 of 4 3 of 40 12 of 60 1 of 22
Conservative 1 of 4 3 of 40 11 of 60 2 of 22
Liberal Democrats 0 of 4 4 of 40 6 of 60 0 of 22
Forward Wales 0 of 4 0 of 40 1 of 60 0 of 22

[edit] Subdivisions

Clock tower of Cardiff City Hall
Clock tower of Cardiff City Hall
Main article: Subdivisions of Wales

For the purposes of local government, Wales was divided into 22 council areas in 1996. These are unitary authorities responsible for the provision of all local government services, including education, social work, environment and roads services. Below these in some areas there are community councils — that cover specific areas within a council area.

The Queen appoints a Lord Lieutenant to represent her in the eight Preserved counties of Wales — which are combinations of council areas. The 13 traditional counties of Wales are also used as geographical areas.

City status in the United Kingdom is determined by Letters patent. There are five cities in Wales:

(St. Asaph historically had city status. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to it as a city, but it is no longer considered as such. Applications for restoration of city status in the 2000 and 2002 competitions were unsuccessful).

[edit] Contemporary Welsh law

Since the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, Wales was annexed into England and has since shared a single legal system. England and Wales are considered a single unit for the conflict of laws. This is because the unit is the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. If considered as a subdivision of the United Kingdom, England & Wales would have a population of 53,390,300 and an area of 151,174 km².

The other countries of the United Kingdom, namely Scotland and Northern Ireland, as well as dependencies such as the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, are also separate units for this purpose (although they are not separate states under public international law), each with their own legal system (see the more complete explanation in English law).

As another example, in the sport of cricket, England and Wales field a single representative team in international competition, whereas Scotland is treated as a separate entity. Welsh cricketers may play for the England team [1], which is administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). Nonetheless, there is a separate Wales team that occasionally participates in limited-overs domestic competition [2]. Cricket however is a minority sport in Wales. In Rugby and Football Wales has its own teams and governing bodies distinct from those in England.

Wales was brought under a common monarch with England through conquest with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and annexed to England for legal purposes by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542. However, references in legislation for 'England' were still taken as excluding Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 meant that in all future laws, 'England' would by default include Wales (and Berwick-upon-Tweed). This was later repealed in 1967 and current laws use "England and Wales" as a single entity. Cardiff was proclaimed as the Welsh capital in 1955.

[edit] Welsh representation in the U.K. Parliament and Government

In the U.K. Parliament

Wales elects 40 representatives to the 646-member House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. In the 2005 General Election, the Labour Party lost approximately 6% of the vote across Wales, with losses varying by region. However, Labour managed to mitigate their losses in losing only six seats. The Conservatives returned MPs from Wales for the first time since 1997 with three wins on a slightly increased share of the vote. The Liberal Democrats also improved their share of the vote slightly and won two additional seats, one from Labour and one from Plaid Cymru. Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, declined very slightly in the vote and lost a seat to the Liberal Democrats. Peter Law, standing as an independent candidate managed to overturn a large Labour majority to win Blaenau Gwent.

In the U.K. Government

The Wales Office (Swyddfa Cymru) is a United Kingdom government department. It is a replacement for the old Welsh Office, which had extensive responsibility for governing Wales prior to Welsh devolution in 1999. Its current incarnation is significantly less powerful: it is primarily responsible for carrying out the few functions remaining to the Secretary of State for Wales that have not been transferred already to National Assembly for Wales and securing funds for Wales as part of the annual budget settlement.

The Secretary of State for Wales has overall responsibility for the office but it is located administratively within the Department for Constitutional Affairs. This was carried out as part of the changes announced on 12 June 2003 that were part of a package intended toward replacing the Lord Chancellor's Department.

Ministers of the Wales Office as of 10 May 2005:

[edit] Welsh representation in the European Union

The Wales constituency of the European Parliament is coterminous with the Principality of Wales, shown here within the United Kingdom
The Wales constituency of the European Parliament is coterminous with the Principality of Wales, shown here within the United Kingdom

Wales is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects four Members of the European Parliament using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponds to the entire country of Wales.

Members of the European Parliament

1999 - 2004

2004 - present

[edit] Political media outlets

[edit] References

  1. ^ Andrews, Leighton (1999) Wales says yes: the inside story of the yes for Wales referendum campaign Seren: Bridgend.
  2. ^ The Politics of Devolution - Party policy: Politics '97 pages, BBC. Retrieved 08 September 2006.
  3. ^ Women win half Welsh seats: By Nicholas Watt, The Guardian, 3 May 2003. Retrieved 7 July 2006.
  4. ^ The National Assembly for Wales, Civil rights - In Wales, Advice guide, Citizens Advice Bureau. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
  5. ^ National Assembly for Wales, Organization Cabinet Members, Welsh Assembly
  6. ^ National Assembly for Wales and Welsh Assembly Government in Guide to government: Devolved and local government, Directgov, UK state website. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
  7. ^ Assembly Building: Welsh government website. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
  8. ^ New assembly building opens doors: BBC News, 1 March 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
  9. ^ Q and A: Welsh prescription prices: BBC News, 1 October 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
  10. ^ Q&A: Welsh top-up fees: BBC News, 22 June 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
  11. ^ "NHS Continuing Care - Commons Health Select Committee", News and Views - NHFA. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  12. ^ Jones, B, Welsh Elections 1885 - 1997 (1999), Lolfa. See also UK 2001 General Election results by region, UK 2005 General Election results by region, 1999 Welsh Assembly election results, 2003 Welsh Assembly election results and 2004 European Parliament election results in Wales (BBC)
  13. ^ Jones, B, Welsh Elections 1885 - 1997(1999), Lolfa
  14. ^ Jones, B, Welsh Elections 1885 - 1997 (1999), Lolfa. See also UK 2001 General Election results by region, UK 2005 General Election results by region

[edit] See also

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