Politics of Djibouti

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Djibouti
This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Djibouti

President Ismail Omar Guelleh Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Ministers National Assembly Supreme Court Regions Elections Politicians Political Parties Foreign relations
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Politics of Djibouti takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The party system is dominated by the conservative People's Rally for Progress. The parliamentary party system is dominated by the People's Rally for Progress and the current President is Ismail Omar Guelleh. The country's current constitution was approved in September 1992.Djibouti is a one party dominant state with the People's Rally for Progress in power. Opposition parties are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

In 1981, Hassan Gouled Aptidon was elected as President of Djibouti. He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second 6-year term in April 1987 and to a third 6-year term in May 1993 multiparty elections. The electorate approved the current constitution in September 1992. Many laws and decrees from before independence remain in effect.

In early 1992, the government decided to permit multiple party politics and agreed to the registration of four political parties. By the time of the national assembly elections in December 1992, only three had qualified. They are the Rassemblement Populaire Pour le Progres (People's Rally for Progress) (RPP) which was the only legal party from 1981 until 1992, the Parti du Renouveau Democratique (The Party for Democratic Renewal) (PRD), and the Parti National Democratique (National Democratic Party) (PND). Only the RPP and the PRD contested the national assembly elections, and the PND withdrew, claiming that there were too many unanswered questions on the conduct of the elections and too many opportunities for hiy, with a turnout of less than 50% of the electorate.

In 1999, President Hassan Gouled Aptidon's chief of staff, head of security, and key advisor for over 20 years, Ismail Omar Guelleh was elected to the Presidency as the RPP candidate. He received 74% of the vote, the other 26% going to opposition candidate Moussa Ahmed Idriss, of the Unified Djiboutian Opposition (ODU). For the first time since independence, no group boycotted the election. Moussa Ahmed Idriss and the ODU later challenged the results based on election "irregularities" and the assertion that "foreigners" had voted in various districts of the capital; however, international and locally based observers considered the election to be generally fair, and cited only minor technical difficulties. Ismail Omar Guelleh took the oath of office as the second President of the Republic of Djibouti on May 8, 1999, with the support of an alliance between the RPP and the government-recognized section of the Afar-led FRUD.

Currently, political power is shared by a Somali president and an Afar prime minister, with cabinet posts roughly divided. However, it is the Issas who presently dominate the government, civil service, and the ruling party, a situation that has bred resentment and political competition between the Somali Issas and the Afars.

In early November 1991, civil war erupted in Djibouti between the government and a predominantly Afar rebel group, the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). The FRUD signed a peace accord with the government in December 1994, ending the conflict. Two FRUD members were made cabinet members, and in the presidential elections of 1999 the FRUD campaigned in support of the RPP. In February 2000, another branch of FRUD signed a peace accord with the government.

On 12 May 2001, President Ismail Omar Guelleh presided over the signing of what is termed the final peace accord officially ending the decade-long civil war between the government and the armed faction of the FRUD. The peace accord successfully completed the peace process begun on 7 February 2000 in Paris. Ahmed Dini Ahmed represented the FRUD.

Djibouti has its own armed forces, including a small army, which has grown significantly since the start of the civil war. In recent years the armed force has downsized and with the peace accord with the FRUD in 2001, the armed forces are expected to continue its downsizing. The country's security also is supplemented by a special security arrangement with the Government of France. France maintains one of its largest military bases outside France in Djibouti. There are some 2,600 French troops, which includes a unit of the French Foreign Legion, the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade, stationed in Djibouti.

The right to own property is respected in Djibouti. The government has reorganized the labor unions. While there have been open elections of union leaders, the Government of Djibouti is working with the ILO to hold new elections.

Although women in Djibouti enjoy a higher public status than in many other Islamic countries, women's rights and family planning face difficult challenges, many stemming from poverty. Few women hold senior positions. Education of girls still lags behind boys and, because of the high unemployment rate, employment opportunities are better for male applicants.

Main office holders
Office	Name	Party	Since
President	Ismail Omar Guelleh	RPP	8 May 1999
Prime Minister	Dileita Mohamed Dileita	RPP	4 March 2001

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term. The prime minister is appointed by the president and the Council of Ministers is responsible to the president.

1 Legislative branch
2 Political parties and elections
3 Judicial branch
4 Administrative divisions
5 International organization participation

[edit] Legislative branch

The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 65 members, 33 Issa and 32 Afar, elected for a five year term in multi-seat (4 to 37 seats) constituencies.

[edit] Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Djibouti. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Djibouti.

[discuss] – [edit]
**Summary of the 8 April 2005 Djibouti presidential election results**
Candidates - Nominating parties	Votes	%
Ismail Omar Guelleh - People's Rally for Progress	144,433	100.00
Total valid votes (turnout 71.7%)	144,433	100.00
Invalid votes	4,692
Total votes	149,125
Registered voters	208,098
Source: African Elections Database

[discuss] – [edit]
**Summary of the 10 January 2003 National Assembly of Djibouti election results**
Parties and coalitions	%	Seats
Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle) People's Rally for Progress (Rassemblement populaire pour le Progrès) Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l'Unité et de la Démocratie) National Democratic Party (Parti National Démocratique) Social Democratic People's Party (Parti Populaire Social Démocrate)	62.7	65
Union for a Democratic Change (Union pour l’Alternance Démocratique) Republican Alliance for Democracy (Alliance Républicaine pour la Démocratie) Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development (Mouvement pour le Renouveau Démocratique et le Développement) Djibouti Party for Development (Parti Djiboutien pour le Développement) Djibouti Union for Democracy and Justice (Union Djiboutienne pour la Démocratie et la Justice)	37.3	-
Total (turnout 48.4 %)		65
Source: Adam Carr/Djibouti Information Agency website