Political ecology

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Political ecology is the study of how political, economic, and social factors affect environmental issues. The majority of studies analyze the influence that society, state, corporate, and transnational powers have on creating or exacerbating environmental problems and influencing environmental policy. There are, however, many approaches to these issues, and some scholars give weight to the role that "access to natural resources" play in structuring political and economic life: particularly how land degradation, inappropriate 'fortress'-style wildlife conservation, or deforestation influences a whole range of social relations and politics. For example, the poverty experienced by Maasai herders in East Africa has been worsened by the establishment of National Parks that exclude them from traditional grazing routes: therefore international wildlife policies have a local social impact, not just an environmental one.

The origins of the term are found in the early work of the anthropologist Eric Wolf and in certain other writers like HM Enzensberger (A Critique of Political Ecology, New Left Review I/84, 1974), and Land Degradation and Society (Blakie and Brookfield, 1987) from the 1970s and 1980s. The majority of scholars of political ecology, are drawn from the academic disciplines of anthropology, geography and political science. Key writers include Piers Blaikie (UEA), Michael Watts (Berkeley), Dianne Rocheleau (Clark U.), Paul Robbins (Arizona, author of Political Ecology: a critical introduction, Blackwell, 2004), and Tom Bassett (Illinois), most of whom have produced succint articles and textbooks summarizing the field and its contributions. Some of their work builds upon cultural ecology, a form of analysis that showed how culture depends upon, and is influenced by, the material conditions of society, particularly how food and other basic resources are obtained. There are also several nonprofits and thinktanks using a political ecology approach, notably the Center for Political Ecology in California, who publish the journal Capitalism Nature Socialism. Other scholars apply their own variants of the term, for example the French Green politician and academic Alain Lipietz (see his Green Hopes. The Future of Political Ecology, 1993).

Some political ecology utilizes the framework of "political economy" to analyze environmental issues. The most famous and widely read account in this vein was The Political Economy of Soil Erosion by Piers Blaikie (Methuen, 1985), which traced land degradation in Africa to colonial policies of land appropriation, rather than to over-exploitation by African farmers.

Political Ecology can be used to:

understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressure, and societal regulations
look at how unequal relations among societies affect the natural environment
look at how unequal relations (especially class) affect the environment