Plage i Laśkiewicz

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Plage i Laśkiewicz (Plage & Laśkiewicz) was the first Polish aerospace manufacturer, located in Lublin and manufacturing aircraft under Lublin name. Full name was: Zakłady Mechaniczne A. Plage i T. Laśkiewicz - Mechanical Works A. Plage & T. Laśkiewicz. The factory produced aircraft between 1920 and 1935, when it was nationalized as the LWS.

Plage i Laśkiewicz first was a mechanical workshop and steam boiler producer, but in 1920 it started producing aircraft, as the first works in independent Poland. On February 17, 1920, the Polish government ordered a licence production of Italian fighters Ansaldo A.1 Balilla and light bombers Ansaldo A.300 in Plage & Laskiewicz. The first Polish A.300 was flown on June 14, 1921. However, due to lack of experience, a quality of produced aircraft was low, and there were numerous crashes. As a result, the order was limited to 70 A.300 and 50 A.1 only, produced by 1924.

Despite of unsuccessful beginning, the factory gained experience, and there were no major problems with future aircraft series. In 1924, the Polish government ordered a licence production of French light bombers Potez XV, and in 1925-1926, there were built 100 of them in Plage & Laskiewicz. In 1928-1931 the works produced 150 of more modern Potez 25. In 1929-1930 the works produced 11 passenger planes Fokker F-VIIb/3m on Fokker licence, and 20 of own Fokker F-VIIb/3m bomber modification.

In the mid-1920s the factory management was changed, and the main designer became Jerzy Rudlicki. Then, apart from licence production, the works started to produce own aircraft, under Lublin name, designated "R" for Rudlicki.

The first own design was a biplane bomber Lublin R-VIII, flown in 1928. Six were produced by 1930, three of them were later converted to seaplanes and used in the Polish naval aviation until 1939. Prototype light passenger planes: biplane R-IX, and high-wing R-XI were not ordered by the Polish Airlines. Also sport high-wing plane Lublin R-XII was not produced.

Another design was a high-wing liaison aircraft Lublin R-X, flown in 1929. It won a contest for a Polish Air Force liaison plane, but only 7 were produced. Instead, Rudlicki developed it further and designed trainer aircraft R-XIV and an army cooperation plane Lublin R-XIII, which became Polish main army cooperation plane (and the only mass-produced Lublin). 15 of R-XIV were built in 1930-31, and 223 of R-XIII were built in 1932-1935 (further 50 after nationalization). Its experimental variant R-XIX introduced the V-tail, invented by Rudlicki.

The light passenger plane Lublin R-XVI of 1932 was not ordered by the airlines, but 6 were produced as air ambulance R-XVIb. The last construction was a two-engine torpedo seaplane Lublin R-XX, flown in 1935, but it was not produced as well. Apart from these, some other designs were not produced.

Due to plans of Polish aviation authorities to gather all aviation industry in state factories, Plage & Laskiewicz works were forced to go bankrupt. After delivering 7 of ordered 50 R-XIIIF aircraft in late 1935, the Polish ministry of defence broke the contract under a pretext. As a result, the factory went bankrupt and then was nationalized under the name LWS (Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów - Lublin Aircraft Works). Then, 18 almost ready R-XIIIF, bought by scrap price, were completed, and the next series of 32 was built.

A list of Lublin aircraft
Name	description and prototype/serial first flight year	number built
Lublin R-VIII	1-engine, 2-seater, bomber / seaplane biplane, 1928/1930	6
Lublin R-IX	1-engine, 2+6-seater, passenger biplane, 1929/-	1
Lublin R-X	1-engine, 2-seater, liaison, high-wing, 1929/1929	7
Lublin R-XI	1-engine, 2+4-seater, passenger, high-wing, 1930/-	1
Lublin R-XII	1-engine, 3-seater, sport plane, high-wing, 1930/-	1
Lublin R-XIII	1-engine, 2-seater, army cooperation and reconnaissance / seaplane, high-wing, 1931/1932	273
Lublin R-XIV	1-engine, 2-seater, trainer, high-wing, -/1930	15
Lublin R-XV	1-engine, 2-seater, army cooperation, high-wing (1930 project)	-
Lublin R-XVI	1-engine, 2+4-seater, passenger and ambulance, high-wing, 1932/1935	7
Lublin R-XVIII	2-engine, medium bomber, biplane with V-tail (1933 project)	-
Lublin R-XIX	1-engine, 2-seater, experimental army cooperation, high-wing with V-tail, 1933/-	1
Lublin R-XX	2-engine, 5-seater, torpedo bomber seaplane, low-wing, 1935/-	1
Lublin R-XXI	1-engine, 2-seater, army cooperation and reconnaissance, high-wing (1932 project)	273
Lublin R-XVII	1-engine, 3-seater, torpedo seaplane biplane (1934 project)	-