User:Pinkville/Notes 5

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adolfo Farsari (11 February 1841 – 7 February 1898) was an Italian photographer based in Yokohama, Japan. Following a brief military career, including service in the American Civil War, he became a successful entrepreneur and commercial photographer. His photographic work was highly regarded, particularly his hand-coloured portraits and landscapes, often mounted in beautifully bound albums, which he sold mostly to foreign residents and visitors to the country. Farsari's images were widely distributed, presented or mentioned in books and periodicals, and sometimes recreated by artists in other media, and they shaped foreign perceptions of the people and places of Japan and to some degree affected how Japanese saw themselves and their country. His studio – the last notable foreign-owned studio in Japan – was one of the country's largest and most prolific commercial photographic firms and largely due to Farsari's exacting technical standards and his entrepreneurial abilities it had a significant influence on the development of photography in Japan.

due to its prominence in the Yokohama shashin photographic scene

his images were widely distributed, often recreated by other artists in other media, and reproduced or mentioned in books and periodicals, and they shaped foreign perceptions of the people and places of Japan and to some degree affected how Japanese saw themselves and their country.

____

Abstract: Hydration – attitudes and practice: The nursing perspective.

Throughout the care of terminal ill patients and their families, nurses are strongly confronted with the subject of terminal dehydration and the question of artificial hydration at the end of life. When a patient gradually ceases to drink, the family often worries that their loved ones are experiencing thirst and/or subsequently dying (prematurely) from dehydration. When a dying person becomes unable to express his needs and wishes the decision to give, withhold or stop artificial hydration shifts from the patient to the people involved in his or her care. Family members, physicians and nurses are all concerned to find the right intervention to ensure comfort and reduce potential or actual suffering at the end of life. However, different attitudes and cultures suggest how this goal can best be achieved. Terminal dehydration or artificial (re-)hydration have been considered controversial within the literature; there are sound medical arguments for or against it in terminal care. Today, the decision often depends on the care setting as well as the personal preferences of the members of the healthcare team. Within this context, it is a priority for the nurse to frequently evaluate the comfort of the patient in order to recognize the effects of either dehydration or hydration therapy – any signs of discomfort should lead to a reassessment of the chosen intervention. Just as important is the maintenance of a caring relationship with family members, who are often under great emotional strain throughout this time and whose needs and concerns may change throughout the process. Open communication as well as their active participation in all central care-decisions will reassure them that everything possible is done for the comfort of their loved ones to the very end.