Pine Grosbeak

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Pine Grosbeak

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Pinicola
Species: P. enucleator
Binomial name
Pinicola enucleator
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Pine Grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator, is a large finch. It is the only member of its genus and represents an ancient divergence of the ancestors of the bullfinches (Arnaiz-Villena et al., 2001), diverging perhaps a dozen mya during the Clarendonian. Given that the radiation of the bullfinches (which are only found in Eurasia) and the mountain finches (also closely related: Marten & Johnson, 1986) started approximately at the same time in the interior of Asia, it is possible that the Pine Grosbeak evolved in North America; possibly, its ancestors were wind-blown individuals of a proto-bullfinch which arrived via the northern Pacific as at that time the Bering Land Bridge was widely inundated.

Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose red head, back and rump. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts.

Their breeding habitat is coniferous woods across Canada, Alaska and the western mountains of the United States, and in northern Fennoscandia. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer.

This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may migrate further south.

This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

Image:CAD1000 Back.png
The Pine Grosback on the back of the Canadian $1000 bill.

These birds forage in trees and bushes. They mainly eat seeds, buds, berries and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.

The Pine Grosbeak was depicted on the 1986 series Canadian $1000 bill.

Contents

[edit] References

  • Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58: 1159–1166. PDF fulltext
  • Marten, Jill A. & Johnson, Ned K. (1986): Genetic relationships of North American cardueline finches. Condor 88(4): 409-420. PDF fulltext

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Adkisson, C. S. 1999. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator). In The Birds of North America, No. 456 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

  • Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). AN ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND VOCAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NORTH AMERICAN PINE GROSBEAKS, PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR (AVES). University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.

[edit] Articles

  • Adkisson CS. (1977). Morphological Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks. Wilson Bulletin. vol 89, no 3. p. 380-395.
  • Adkisson CS. (1981). Geographic Variation in Vocalizations and Evolution of North American Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator. Condor. vol 83, no 4. p. 277-288.
  • Arnaiz-Villena A, Guillen J, Ruiz-de-Valle V, Lowy E, Zamora J, Varela P, Stefani D & Allende LM. (2001). Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cell Mol Life Sci. vol 58, no 8. p. 1159-1166.
  • Babenko VG & Redkin YA. (1999). Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin. Zool Zhurnal. vol 78, no 3. p. 398-408.
  • Boev Z. (1999). Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria). Geologica Balcanica. vol 29, no 3-4. p. 51-57.
  • Brotons L, Monkkonen M, Huhta E, Nikula A & Rajasarkka A. (2003). Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland. Landscape Ecology. vol 18, no 4. p. 377-393.
  • Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). The European Bird Report: Passerines. British Birds. vol 93, no 9. p. 415-427.
  • Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC. For Chron. vol 71, no 2. p. 201-210.
  • Dunn EH. (1989). Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada. Ontario Birds. vol 7, no 3. p. 87-91.
  • Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol 11, no 1. p. 67-69.
  • Kinch B. (2006). Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak. Ontario Birds. vol 24, no 3. p. 160-161.
  • Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. p. 609-620.
  • Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 37, no 4. p. 826-830.
  • Mills A. (1986). Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983. Ontario Birds. vol 4, no 1. p. 30-32.
  • Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario. Ontario Birds. vol 22, no 1. p. 2-8.
  • Pittaway R. (1989). Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders. Ontario Birds. vol 7, no 2. p. 65-67.
  • Pittaway R. (1998). Two song types of the pine grosbeak. Ontario Birds. vol 16, no 1. p. 38-39.
  • Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). Why and how to study a snowcover. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 119, no 1. p. 118-128.
  • Pulliainen E. (1979). On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland. Ornis Fennica. vol 56, no 4. p. 156-162.
  • Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol 30, p. 83-96.
  • Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. p. 891-894.
  • Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak. Blue Jay. vol 58, no 1. p. 33-35.
  • Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Applications. vol 670, no 2. p. 337-348.
  • Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION. J Chromatogr B-Biomed Appl. vol 670, no 2. p. 337-348.
  • Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula). Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol. vol 128, no 3. p. 529-535.
  • Stradi R, Rossi E, Celentano G & Bellardi B. (1996). Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in three Loxia species and in Pinicola enucleator. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol 113, no 2. p. 427-432.
  • Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). Winter Season: December 1, 1993 - February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol 48, no 2. p. 228-229.
  • Taylor P. (1979). Interspecific Vocal Mimicry by Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 93, no 4. p. 436-437.
  • Taylor P. (1996). Winter songs of the Pine Grosbeak. Blue Jay. vol 54, no 2. p. 82-84.
  • Topp CM. (2004). EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003-2004). Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol 55, no September 29.
  • Virkkala R. (1987). Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol 24, no 4. p. 281-294.
  • Virkkala R. (1991). Population Trends of Forest Birds in a Finnish Lapland Landscape of Large Habitat Blocks Consequences of Stochastic Environmental Variation or Regional Habitat Alteration. Biological Conservation. vol 56, no 2. p. 223-240.
  • Wolfe DFG. (1996). Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 1. p. 186-187.


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