Pierre Trudeau
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| The Rt. Hon. Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, QC, MA, LLD, FRSC |
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| In office April 20, 1968 – June 4, 1979 March 3, 1980 – June 30, 1984 |
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| Preceded by | Lester B. Pearson Joe Clark |
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| Succeeded by | Joe Clark John Turner |
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| Born | October 18, 1919 Montreal, Quebec |
| Died | September 28, 2000 (aged 80) Montreal, Quebec |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Margaret Trudeau (Divorced) |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, QC, MA, LLD, FRSC (IPA: [pjɛʀ ɛliʌt tʀydo], 18 October 1919 – 28 September 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984.
Trudeau was a charismatic figure who, from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "He haunts us still," biographers Christina McCall and Stephen Clarkson wrote. Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect. They salute his political acumen in preserving national unity and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution. Detractors fault Trudeau for poor administrative practices, arrogance, and lack of understanding of Canada outside Quebec. Nevertheless, few would dispute that Trudeau was a towering figure who helped redefine Canada.
Trudeau led Canada through some of its most tumultuous times and was often the centre of controversy. Known for his flamboyance, he dated celebrities, sometimes wore sandals in the House of Commons, was accused of using an obscenity during debate there, and once did a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II.
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[edit] Early life and career
Born in Montreal to Charles-Émile Trudeau, a wealthy French Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of French and Scottish descent.[1] Trudeau attended the prestigious Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf (a private French Roman Catholic school) where he was affiliated with the ideas of clerical fascism and Quebec nationalism. According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde the contemporary clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal and Francisco Franco in Spain along with that of Marshal Pétain in Vichy France were seen as models to many young intellectuals educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec. Lalonde asserts that Trudeau's later intellectual development as an "intellectual rebel, anti-establishment fighter on behalf of unions and promoter of religious freedom" was a product of his experiences once he left Quebec to study in the United States, France and England and travel the world, an experience which allowed him to break from Jesuit influence and study French philosophers such as Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier as well as John Locke and David Hume.[2]
Trudeau earned a law degree at the Université de Montréal in 1943, followed by a master's in political economy at Harvard. During his attendance at the Université de Montréal, Trudeau was conscripted into the Army, like thousands of other Canadian men, as part of the National Resources Mobilization Act. He joined the Canadian Officers Training Corps and served with other conscripts in Canada. Conscripted soldiers were not liable for overseas military service until after the crisis of late 1944. He said he was willing to become involved in the war, but he believed that to do so would be to turn his back on a Quebec population he considered to have been betrayed by the King government. In a 1942 Outremont by-election, he campaigned for the Quebec anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau, and was eventually expelled from the Officers' Training Corps for lack of discipline. After the war, he attended Harvard, the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1946-47, and spent the following year at the London School of Economics.
From the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, Trudeau was primarily based in Montreal and was seen by many as an intellectual. In 1949, he was an active supporter of workers in the Asbestos Strike. In 1956, he edited an important book on the subject, La grève de l'amiante, which argued that the strike was a seminal event in Quebec's history, marking the beginning of resistance to the conservative, francophone clerical establishment and anglophone business class that had long ruled the province. Throughout the 1950s, Trudeau was a leading figure in the opposition to the repressive rule of Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis as the founder and editor of Cité Libre, a dissident journal that helped provide the intellectual basis for the Quiet Revolution.
Trudeau was interested in Marxist ideas in the late 1940s. In the 1950s and early 1960s, he was a supporter of the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party — which became the New Democratic Party. During the 1950s, he was blacklisted by the United States and prevented from entering that country because of a visit to a conference in Moscow (where he was arrested for throwing a snowball at a statue of Stalin) and because he subscribed to a number of leftist publications. Trudeau later appealed the ban, and it was rescinded.
An associate professor of law at the Université de Montréal from 1961 to 1965, Trudeau's views evolved towards a liberal position in favour of individual rights counter to the state and made him an opponent of Québec nationalism. In economic theory he was influenced by professors Joseph Schumpeter and John Kenneth Galbraith while he was at Harvard. Trudeau criticised the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. Nevertheless, he was persuaded to join the party in 1965, together with his friends Gérard Pelletier and Jean Marchand. These "three wise men" ran successfully for the Liberals in the 1965 election. Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal, in western Montreal, succeeding House Speaker Allan Macnaughton. He would hold this seat for almost 20 years. In 1967, he was appointed to Pearson's cabinet as Minister of Justice.
[edit] Justice minister and leadership candidate
As justice minister, Pierre Trudeau was responsible for removing laws against homosexuality from the Criminal Code of Canada, famously remarking: "The view we take here is that there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation." Trudeau also liberalised divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr., during constitutional negotiations.
At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down. Trudeau was persuaded to run for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted the attention of the news media and mobilised and inspired many youths, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau was the front-runner, and was clearly the favourite candidate with the Canadian public. Many within the Liberal Party still had deep doubts about him, though. Having joined the party only in 1965, he was still considered an outsider. Many saw him as too radical and outspoken a figure. Some of his views, particularly those on divorce, abortion, and homosexuality, were opposed by the substantial conservative wing of the party. Nevertheless, at the April 1968 Liberal leadership convention, Trudeau was elected leader of the party on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51% of the delegates, defeating some prominent, long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. Trudeau was sworn in as Liberal leader and Prime Minister two weeks later on 20 April.
[edit] Prime Minister
Trudeau soon called an election, for 25 June (see Canadian federal election, 1968). His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called "Trudeaumania", which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. An iconic moment that influenced the election occurred on its eve, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, when rioting Québec separatists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated. Rejecting the pleas of his aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear. The image of the young politician showing such courage impressed the Canadian people, and he handily won the election the next day.
As Prime Minister, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a "Just Society." He defended vigorously the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programs as means of making society more just.
During the October Crisis of 1970, the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped British Trade Consul James Cross at his residence on the fifth of October. Five days later, Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped (and was later murdered, on 17 October). Trudeau responded by invoking the War Measures Act, which gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial. Although this response is still controversial and was opposed as excessive by figures like Tommy Douglas, it was met with only limited objections from the public. Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis, answering the question of how far he would go to stop the terrorists with "Just watch me." Five of the FLQ terrorists were flown to Cuba in 1970 as part of a deal in exchange for James Cross' life, but all members were eventually arrested. The five flown to Cuba were jailed after they returned to Canada years later.
Trudeau's first years would be most remembered for the passage of his implementation of official bilingualism. Long a goal of Trudeau, this legislation requires all Federal services to be offered in French and English. The measures were very controversial at the time in English Canada, but would be successfully passed and implemented.
Trudeau was the first world leader to agree to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their 'tour for world peace'. Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace."
On 4 March 1971, the Prime Minister married Margaret Sinclair, a woman who, at 22, was less than half Trudeau's age. They had three children and were the subject of enormous press coverage before their well-publicised legal separation in 1977. Their divorce was finalised in 1984.
In foreign affairs, Trudeau kept Canada firmly in the NATO Alliance, but often pursued an independent path in international relations. He made Canada the first western power to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (to Richard Nixon's fury), and went on a state visit to Beijing. He was known to be a friend of Fidel Castro and Cuba.
In the election of 1972, Trudeau's Liberal Party won with a minority government, with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power. This government would move to the left, including the creation of Petro-Canada.
In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government. The election of 1974 saw Trudeau and the Liberals re-elected with a majority government with 141 of the 264 seats. In September 1975, Finance Minister, John Turner resigned. Trudeau later (in October 1975) instituted Wage and Price Controls, something which he had mocked Robert Stanfield for proposing during the election campaign a year earlier.
Trudeau's outward actions during his premiership led many to believe he harboured republican notions; it was even rumoured by Paul Martin, Sr., that the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for him." This may have had to do with the erasure of royal symbols, his documented antics around the Monarch, such as his sliding down Buckingham Palace banisters, and his famous pirouette behind the Queen, captured on film in 1977. He also glaringly breached protocol in 1978 when he was vacationing in Morocco, instead of in Canada to attend the Queen's arrival and departure. However, he was accused of instant monarchism, as well as opportunism during a period of personal unpopularity in the 1970s, when he invited Elizabeth II to attend the first Commonwealth Conference held on Canadian soil. The invitation, and acceptance of it, started the tradition of Elizabeth attending Commonwealth conferences, no matter the location. Also, in 1976, after Robert Bourassa, then Premier of Quebec, begged Trudeau to invite the Queen to the Olympics in Montreal, Trudeau, after obliging him, became annoyed when Bourassa later became unsettled about how unpopular the move might be. He commented directly on the Monarchy in 1967, when he, by then a Cabinet minister, stated "I wouldn't lift a finger to get rid of the monarchy... I think the monarchy, by and large, has done more good than harm to Canada." Ultimately, he experimented with the Crown more than any previous politician, and then entrenched the role of the Crown in Canada when he orchestrated the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 (see below).[4]
A worsening economy, burgeoning national debt, and growing public antipathy towards Trudeau's perceived arrogance caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly. Trudeau delayed the election as long as he could, but was forced to call one in 1979.
[edit] Defeat and opposition
In the election of 1979, Trudeau's government was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives, led by Joe Clark, who formed a minority government. Trudeau announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader; however, before a leadership convention could be held, Clark's government was defeated in the Canadian House of Commons by a Motion of Non-Confidence. The Liberal Party persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election. Trudeau defeated Clark in the February 1980 election, and won a majority government.
[edit] Return to power
The Liberal victory in 1980 highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Trudeau had to resort to having Senators appointed to Cabinet to ensure representation from all regions. The introduction of the National Energy Program (NEP) created a firestorm of protest in the Western provinces and increased what many termed "Western alienation." A series of difficult budgets by long-time loyalist Allan MacEachen in the early 1980s did not improve Trudeau's economic reputation.
Two very significant events for Canada occurred during Trudeau's final term in office. The first was the defeat of the referendum on Québec sovereignty, called by the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque. In the debates between Trudeau and Levesque, Canadians were treated to a contest between two highly intelligent, articulate and bilingual politicians who, despite being bitterly opposed, were each committed to the democratic process.[5] Trudeau promised a new constitutional agreement with Québec should it decide to stay in Canada, and the "No" side (that is, No to sovereignty) ended up receiving around 60% of the vote.
Trudeau had attempted patriation of the Constitution earlier in his career, but always ran into a combined force of provincial Premiers on the issue of an amending formula. After he threatened to go to London alone, a Supreme Court decision led Trudeau to meet with the Premiers one more time. Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the Premiers, with the notable exception of Lévesque. Quebec's refusal to agree to the new constitution became a source of continued acrimony between the federal and Quebec governments. None-the-less the patriation project was successful, and the Constitution Act, 1982 was proclaimed by Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, on 17 April 1982. Following this, Trudeau commented in his memoirs "I always said it was thanks to three women that we were eventually able to reform our Constitution. The Queen, who was favorable, Margaret Thatcher, who undertook to do everything that our Parliament asked of her, and Jean Wadds, who represented the interests of Canada so well in London... The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."[4]
Trudeau's approval ratings slipped after the bounce from the 1982 patriation, and by the beginning of 1984, opinion polls showed the Liberals were headed for certain defeat if Trudeau remained in office. On 29 February, after a "long walk in the snow", Trudeau decided to step down, ending his 15-year tenure as Prime Minister. He formally retired on 30 June.
[edit] Final years
Shortly after his retirement from politics, Trudeau joined the Montreal law firm Heenan Blaikie as counsel. Though he rarely gave speeches or spoke to the press, his interventions into public debate had a significant impact when they occurred. Trudeau wrote and spoke out against both the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord proposals to amend the Canadian constitution, arguing that they would weaken federalism and the Charter of Rights if implemented. His opposition was a critical factor leading to the defeat of the two proposals. He also spoke out against Jacques Parizeau and the Parti Québécois with less effect. In his final years, Trudeau commanded broad respect in Canada, but was regarded with suspicion in Québec due to his role in the 1982 constitutional deal which was seen as having excluded that province, while dislike for him remained commonplace in Western Canada. Trudeau also remained active in international affairs, visiting foreign leaders and participating in international associations such as the Club of Rome.
In the last years of his life, Trudeau was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law office until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche in November 1998.
[edit] Death
Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on 28 September 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family crypt, St-Remi-de-Napierville Cemetery, Saint-Remi, Québec.[6] He lay in state to allow Canadians to pay their last respects. The response by Canadians was unprecedented in its size and public outpouring of emotion. He was survived by his ex-wife Margaret, his sons Justin Trudeau and Alexandre "Sacha" Trudeau, and his daughter, Sarah, whom he fathered with Deborah Coyne. During the state funeral, Justin delivered an emotional yet articulate eulogy [7] that led to wide-spread speculation in the media that a career in politics was in his future.
[edit] Religious views
Trudeau was deeply religious. He hardly ever missed Sunday mass and had required his wife Margaret to convert to Catholicism before their marriage. He had earlier in life broken up with a girlfriend over her growing agnosticism. He experienced a crisis of faith following the death of his son but he had reconciled himself with it by the time of his death.
Though his religious views seemed to have influenced his politics only insofar as they affected his zeal and work ethic, since he championed causes that were strongly opposed by his church, such as the abolition of sodomy laws and the easing of divorce procedures, his political philosophy was deeply affected by personalism and the thought of Emmanuel Mounier.[citation needed]
[edit] Legacy
Trudeau's most enduring legacy may lie in his contribution to Canadian nationalism, and of pride in Canada in and for itself rather than as a derivative of the British Commonwealth. His role in this effort, and his related battles with Quebec on behalf of Canadian unity, cemented his political position when in office despite the controversies he faced — and remain the most remembered aspect of his tenure afterward.
Some consider Trudeau's economic policies to have been a weak point. Inflation and unemployment marred much of his Prime-ministership. When Trudeau took office in 1968 Canada had a debt of $18 billion (24% of GDP) which was largely left over from World War II[citation needed]; when he left office in 1984, that debt stood at $200 billion (44% of GDP), an increase of 83% in real terms.[8] However, these trends were present in most western countries at the time, including the United States.
Though his popularity had fallen in English Canada at the time of his retirement in 1984, public opinion later became more sympathetic to him, particularly in comparison to his successor, Brian Mulroney.
[edit] Constitutional legacy
- See also: Constitution Act, 1982
One of Trudeau's most enduring legacies is the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution, including a domestic amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is seen as advancing civil rights and liberties and, notwithstanding clause aside, has become a cornerstone of Canadian values for most Canadians. It also represented the final step in Trudeau's liberal vision of a fully independent and nationalist Canada based on fundamental human rights and the protection of individual freedoms as well as those of linguistic and cultural minorities. Court challenges based on the Charter of Rights have been used to advance the cause of women's equality, establish French school boards in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, and to mandate the adoption of gay marriage all across Canada. Section 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 has clarified issues of aboriginal and equality rights, including establishing the previously denied aboriginal rights of Métis. Section 15, dealing with Equality Rights, has been used to remedy societal discrimination against minority groups. The coupling of the direct and indirect influences of the Charter has meant that it has grown to influence every aspect of Canadian life, and the override (notwithstanding clause) of the Charter has been infrequently used.
The Constitution has been criticised by the Canadian conservatives for its lack of a system of checks and balances at a time when both the executive and the courts have been gaining power at the expense of representative government. They claim that it has resulted in too much judicial activism on the part of the courts in Canada. It is also heavily criticised by Quebec Nationalists, who resent that the Constitution was never ratified by any Quebec Government, and does not recognise a constitutional veto for the province of Quebec.
[edit] Bilingualism
- See also: Bilingualism in Canada
Bilingualism is one of Trudeau's most lasting accomplishments, having been fully integrated into the Federal government's services, documents, and broadcasting (not, however, in provincial governments, except for Ontario and New Brunswick). While official bilingualism has settled some of the grievances francophones had towards the federal government, many francophones had hoped that Canadians would be able to function in the official language of their choice no matter where in the country they were.
However, Trudeau's ambitions in this arena have been overstated: Trudeau once said that he regretted the use of the term "bilingualism", because it appeared to demand that all Canadians speak two languages. In fact, Trudeau's vision was to see Canada as a bilingual confederation in which all cultures would have a place. In this way, his conception broadened beyond simply the relationship of Quebec to Canada.
[edit] Cultural legacy
Few outside the museum community recall the tremendous efforts Trudeau made, in the last years of his tenure, to see to it that the National Gallery of Canada and the Canadian Museum of Civilization finally had proper homes in the National capital. The Trudeau government also implemented programs which mandated Canadian content in film, and broadcasting, and gave substantial subsidies to develop the Canadian media and cultural industries. Though the policies remain controversial, Canadian media industries have become stronger since Trudeau's arrival.
On the other side of the ledger, Trudeau was criticised as denigrating or even erasing large segments of Canada's historic culture to fit his programs, and using the government's media subsidies to that end.
[edit] Legacy with respect to the west
In the provinces west of Ontario the memory of Trudeau is notably less favourable than it is in the rest of English-speaking Canada. He is often regarded as the father of "Western alienation". The reasons for this are various. Some of them are ideological. Many Canadians disapproved of official bilingualism and many other of Trudeau's policies, which they saw as moving the country away from its historic traditions and attachments, and markedly toward the political left. Such feelings were perhaps strongest in the West. Other reasons for western alienation are more plainly regional in nature. To many westerners, Trudeau's policies seemed to favour other parts of the country, especially Ontario and Quebec, at their expense. Outstanding among such policies was the National Energy Program, which was seen as unfairly depriving western provinces of the full economic benefit from their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nation-wide social programs, and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta.
More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered having fostering Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on 17 July 1969, Trudeau met with a group of protesting farmers, angry that the federal government was not doing more to market their wheat, to one of whom he responded, "Why should I sell your wheat? It's your wheat." Years later, while riding in a railway carriage through Salmon Arm, British Columbia, he "gave the finger" to a group of protesters, through the carriage window. (Generally forgotten is that Trudeau's question in Saskatoon was rhetorical and followed by long explanation that, in epitome, said that the governments' role was only to help farmers to sell their own wheat, and told of some of the difficulties involved in doing so on the international market; likewise, that the protesters in Salmon Arm were shouting blatantly anti-French and anti-Quebec slogans.[citation needed])
[edit] Legacy with respect to Quebec
Trudeau's legacy in Quebec is mixed. Many credit his actions during the October Crisis as crucial in terminating the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) as a force in Quebec, and ensuring that the campaign for Quebec separatism took a democratic and peaceful route. However, his imposition of the War Measures Act — which received majority support at the time — is remembered by some in Quebec and elsewhere as an attack on democracy. Trudeau is also credited by many for the defeat of the 1980 Quebec referendum.
At the federal level, Trudeau faced no considerable political opposition in Quebec during his time as Prime Minister. For instance, his Liberal party captured 74 out of 75 Quebec seats in the 1980 federal election). Provincially, though, Québécois elected twice the pro-sovereignty Parti Québécois. Moreover, there were not, then, any pro-sovereignty federal parties such as the Bloc Québécois. Since the signing of the Constitutional Act of Canada in 1982, the Liberal Party of Canada has never succeeded in winning a majority of seats in Quebec. Trudeau is seen by many Québécois, particularly in the news media, the academic and political establishments, as a vendu (sellout).[9] While his reputation has grown in English Canada since his retirement in 1984, it has not improved in Quebec.
[edit] Overview
Trudeau remains well-regarded by many Canadians.[2] The passage of time has only slightly softened the strong antipathy he inspired among his opponents, though. Trudeau's charisma and confidence as Prime Minister, and his championing of the Canadian identity are often cited as reasons for his popularity; but his strong personality, perceived arrogance, and his distaste for compromise on many issues have earned him almost as many detractors as admirers.[10] However, Trudeau is still viewed as one of the most prominent and transformative figures in Canadian political history.[citation needed]
[edit] Supreme Court appointments
Trudeau chose the following names for appointment by the Governor General as Justices to the Supreme Court of Canada:
- Bora Laskin - (March 19, 1970 - March 17, 1984; appointed Chief Justice in 1973)
- Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux, as Chief Justice - (March 23, 1970 – December 23, 1973; appointed a Puisne Justice in 1949)
- Brian Dickson - (March 26, 1973 - June 30, 1990; appointed Chief Justice in 1984)
- Jean Beetz - (January 1, 1974 - November 10, 1988)
- Louis-Philippe de Grandpre - (January 1, 1974 - October 1, 1977)
- Willard Zebedee Estey - (September 29, 1977 - April 22, 1988)
- Yves Pratte - (October 1, 1977 - June 30, 1979)
- William Rogers McIntyre - (January 1, 1979 - February 15, 1989)
- Antonio Lamer - (March 28, 1980 - January 6, 2000)
- Bertha Wilson - (March 4, 1982 - January 4, 1991)
- Gerald Le Dain - (May 29, 1984 - November 30, 1988)
[edit] Honours
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The following honours were bestowed upon him by the Governor General, or by Queen Elizabeth II herself:
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[edit] Television dramatisations
Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, Trudeau[17] (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making[18] (with Stéphane Demers as the young Pierre, and Tobie Pelletier as him in later years) portrays his earlier life.
The 1999 documentary film Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the 70's Generation explores the impact of Trudeau's vision of Canadian bilingualism through interviews with eight young Canadians.
[edit] See also
- Politics of Canada
- List of Canadian general elections
- Timeline of Canadian history
- History of the Quebec independence movement
- Prime Minister nicknaming in Quebec
- Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
[edit] Bibliography
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[edit] References
- ^ Downey, Donn. "Ambulant life made him one-of-a-kind", Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000, Globe and Mail, September 30, 2000. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
- ^ Winsor, Hugh. "Closest friends surprised by Trudeau revelations" (fee required), Globe and Mail, April 8, 2006, p. A6. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
- ^ Pierre Trudeau (subject). (1970). Trudeau being interviewed in 1970 during the October Crisis (wmv) [news clip]. Radio Canada. Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
- ^ a b Heinricks, Geoff; Canadian Monarchist News: Trudeau and the Monarchy; Winter/Spring, 2000-01; reprinted from the National Post
- ^ Exchange of correspondence between Pierre E. Trudeau and René Lévesque on the patriation of the Canadian constitution, 1981-1982
- ^ Gravesite of the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau
- ^ CBC News - Justin Trudeau's eulogy, Oct. 3, 2000
- ^ Centre for the Study of Living Standard - GDP figures
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Quebec and the Constitution
- ^ Rogers' "The Prime Ministers of Canada" [1]
- ^ Canada Privy Council Office - Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Version: February 6, 2006
- ^ Governor General of Canada - Pierre Elliott Trudeau - Companion of the Order of Canada, October 30, 1985
- ^ Royal Heraldry Society of Canada - Arms of Canada's Prime Ministers
- ^ Duke University - Center for Canadian Studies
- ^ Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
- ^ CBC Article - Mt. Trudeau named; CBC Article - Mount Trudeau to be officially named in June
- ^ "Trudeau" (2002) mini-series IMDB Page
- ^ "Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making" (2005) mini-series IMDB Page
[edit] External links
- canadahistory.com biography
- Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau: Swinger, Philosopher, Prime Minister
| 22nd Ministry - Second Government of Pierre Trudeau | ||
| Cabinet Post | ||
|---|---|---|
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Joe Clark | Prime Minister of Canada (1980–1984) second time |
John Turner |
| 20th Ministry - First Government of Pierre Trudeau | ||
| Cabinet Posts (2) | ||
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Lester B. Pearson | Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979) first time |
Joe Clark |
| cont'd from 19th Min. | Minister of Justice (1968) |
John Turner |
| 19th Ministry - Government of Lester B. Pearson | ||
| Cabinet Post | ||
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Louis Cardin | Minister of Justice (1967–1968) |
cont'd into 20th Min. |
| Preceded by Lester Pearson |
Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada 1968-1984 |
Succeeded by John Turner |
| Preceded by Joe Clark |
Leader of the Opposition 1979–1980 |
Succeeded by Joe Clark |
| Preceded by Alan Macnaughton |
Member of Parliament for Mount Royal 1965–1984 |
Succeeded by Sheila Finestone |
| Preceded by Arnaldo Forlani |
Chair of the G8 1981 |
Succeeded by François Mitterrand |
| Prime Ministers of Canada |  |
|
|---|---|---|
| Macdonald | Mackenzie | Abbott | Thompson | Bowell | Tupper | Laurier | Borden | Meighen | King | Bennett | St. Laurent | Diefenbaker | Pearson | Trudeau | Clark | Turner | Mulroney | Campbell | Chrétien | Martin | Harper | ||
| Leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada: | |
|---|---|
| Mackenzie | Blake | Laurier | King | St. Laurent | Pearson | Trudeau | Turner | Chrétien | Martin | Dion | |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Trudeau, Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Trudeau, Pierre Elliott |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 15th Prime Minister of Canada |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 18, 1919 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Montreal |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 28, 2000 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Montreal |
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