Photoreceptor protein

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This article is about molecular photoreceptors. For other types of photoreceptors, see Photoreceptor.

Photoreceptors are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin in some bacteria. They mediate light responses as varied as visual perception, phototropism and phototaxis, as well as reponses to light-dark cycles such as circadian rhythm and other photoperiodisms including control of flowering times in plants and mating seasons in animals.

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[edit] Structure

Photoreceptor proteins typically consist of a protein moiety and a non-protein photopigment that reacts to light via photoisomerization or photoreduction, thus initiating a change of the receptor protein which triggers a signal transduction cascade. Pigments found in photoreceptors include retinal (retinylidene proteins, for example rhodopsin in animals), flavin (flavoproteins, for example cryptochrome in plants and animals) and bilin (biliproteins, for example phytochrome in plants).

[edit] Photoreceptors in animals

(Also see: Photoreceptor cell)

  • Melanopsin: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex
  • Photopsin: in vertebrate retina, reception of various colors of light
  • Rhodopsin: in vertebrate retina, green-blue light reception

[edit] Photoreceptors in plants

[edit] Photoreceptors in phototactic flagellates

(Also see: Eyespot apparatus)

[edit] Photoreceptors in archaea and bacteria

[edit] Photoreception and signal transduction

[edit] Responses to photoreception


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