Philip the Arab
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| Philip the Arab | ||
|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Roman Empire | ||
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| Coin showing Philip the Arab, struck by him to celebrate Saeculum Novum bears, on the reverse, a temple devoted to the goddess Roma. |
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| Reign | 244 - 249 | |
| Full name | Marcus Julius Philippus | |
| Born | c. 204 | |
| Shahba | ||
| Died | 249 | |
| Verona | ||
| Predecessor | Gordian III | |
| Successor | Decius | |
| Wife/wives | Otacilia Severa | |
| Issue | Marcus Julius Severus Philippus (238-249) | |
| Father | Julius Marinus | |
Marcus Julius Philippus (about 204 - 249), known in English as Philip the Arab after the origin of his family, was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249.
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[edit] Early life
Little is known about Philip's early life and political career. He was born in Shahba, about 55 miles south-southeast of Damascus, in the Roman province of Syria. He was the son of a Julius Marinus, a local Roman citizen, possibly of some importance. The name of his mother is unknown, but sources refer to a brother, Gaius Julius Priscus, a member of the Praetorian guard under Gordian III (238–244).
Philip married Marcia Otacilia Severa and had a son named Marcus Julius Severus Philippus in 238.
[edit] Political career
In 243, during Gordian III's campaign against Shapur I of Persia, the Praetorian prefect Timesitheus died under unclear circumstances. At the suggestion of his brother Priscus, Philip became the new Praetorian prefect, with the intention that the two brothers would control the young Emperor and rule the Roman world as unofficial regents. Following a military defeat, Gordian III died in 244 under circumstances that are still debated. While some claim that Philip conspired in his murder, other accounts (including one coming from the Persian point of view) state that Gordian died in battle. Whatever the case, Philip assumed the purple following Gordian's death. Philip was not willing to repeat the mistakes of previous claimants, and was aware that he had to return to Rome in order to secure his position with the senate. He thus travelled west, after concluding a peace treaty with Shapur I, and left his brother Priscus as extraordinary ruler of the Eastern provinces. In Rome he was confirmed Augustus, and nominated his young son Caesar and heir.
Philip's rule started with yet another Germanic incursion on the provinces of Pannonia and the Goths invaded Moesia (modern-day Serbia and Bulgaria) in the Danube frontier. They were finally defeated in the year 248, but the legions were not satisfied with the result, probably due to a low share of the plunder, if any. Rebellion soon arose and Tiberius Claudius Pacatianus was proclaimed emperor by the troops. The uprising was crushed and Philip nominated Gaius Messius Quintus Decius as governor of the province. Future events would prove this to be a mistake. Pacantius' revolt was not the only threat to his rule: in the East, Marcus Iotapianus led another uprising in response to the oppressive rule of Priscus and the excessive taxation of the Eastern provinces. Two other usurpers, Marcus Silbannacus and Sponsianus, are reported to have started rebellions without much success.
In April 248, Philip had the honour of leading the celebrations of the one thousandth birthday of Rome, founded in 753 BC by Romulus. He combined the anniversary with the celebration of Rome's alleged tenth saeculum. According to contemporary accounts, the festivities were magnificent and included spectacular games, ludi saeculares, and theatrical presentations throughout the city. In the coliseum, more than 1,000 gladiators were killed along with hundreds of exotic animals including hippos, leopards, lions, giraffes, and one rhinoceros.[1] The events were also celebrated in literature, with several publications, including Asinius Quadratus's History of a Thousand Years, specially prepared for the anniversary.
Despite the festive atmosphere, discontent in the legions was growing. Decius (249–251) was proclaimed Emperor by the Danubian armies in the spring of 249 and immediately marched to Rome. Philip's army met the usurper near modern Verona that summer. Decius won the battle and Philip was killed, either in the fighting or assassinated by his own soldiers who were eager to please the new ruler. When the news of Decius' success reached Rome, Philip's eleven-year-old son and heir was also murdered.
[edit] Religious beliefs
Later tradition, including the historian Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical History, stated that Philip was the first Christian Roman emperor. This is doubtful because non-Christian writers do not mention the fact, and throughout his reign Philip continued to follow the state religion. Eusebius' claim is probably due to the tolerance Philip showed towards Christians.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Graham, T. (Writer and Director). (2000). The Fall [Television series episode]. In T. Graham (Producer), Rome: Power and Glory. Military Channel.
[edit] External links
- Roman-Emperors.org
- A bio from the web site of New Zealand Association of Classical Teachers
- A brief bio from an educational Site on Roman Coins
| Preceded by Gordian III |
Roman Emperor 244–249 |
Succeeded by Decius |
