Philanthropy

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Philanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective. In a more fundamental sense, philanthropy may encompass any altruistic activity which is intended to promote good or improve human quality of life. Someone who is well known for practicing philanthropy may sometimes be called a philanthropist. Although such individuals are often very wealthy, people may nevertheless perform philanthropic acts without possessing great wealth. Some notable philanthropists are Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Gates.

Philanthropy is a major source of income for artistic, musical, religious, and humanitarian causes, as well as educational institutions ranging from schools to universities (see patronage).

During the past few years, philanthropy has become more mainstream in terms of press coverage, owing to the high-profile of rock star Bono and his campaign to alleviate Third World debt to developed nations; the enormity of the Gates Foundation's resources and ambitions (such as eradicating malaria and river blindness, etc.); and billionaire investor and Berkshire Hathaway Chair Warren Buffett's donation in 2006 of $30 billion to the Gates Foundation. At the same time, young, rich, socially conscious entrepreneurs such as Pierre Omidyar (co-founder of eBay) and Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin are trying to change philanthropy through unique networks and new forms of giving. Google's efforts are largely considered "for-profit," meaning it won't be constrained in how it spends by the 501(c)(3) section of the Internal Revenue Service code (though the Google Foundation, considered under the umbrella or Google.org, is in fact non-profit). The feeling is also that it will not restrict itself to conventional giving or old-line foundations when it comes to social investments. The concept of measurable life change, with direct investments and follow-up to track results, is gaining more recognition through the above big names, but also through smaller organizations.

1 Philosophical views on philanthropy
2 Political views on philanthropy
3 Social activism and philanthropy
4 Uses of the word
- 4.1 Conventional Usage
5 See also
- 5.1 Lists
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Philosophical views on philanthropy

Philanthropy is not always viewed as a universal good. Notable thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche opposed philanthropy on philosophical grounds, connecting it with the idea of the weak sponging off the strong, a view sometimes endorsed by those who oppose government welfare programs.

The purpose of philanthropy is also debated. Some equate philanthropy with benevolence and charity for the poor and needy. Others hold that philanthropy can be any altruistic giving towards any kind of social need that is not served, underserved, or perceived as unserved or underserved by the market.

Some believe that philanthropy can be a means to build community by growing community funds and giving vehicles. When communities see themselves as being resource rich instead of asset poor, the community is in a better position to solve community problems.

Philanthropy responds to either present or future needs.^[1] The charitable response to an impending disaster is an essential function of philanthropy.^[2] It offers immediate honor for the philanthropist, yet requires no foresight. Responding to future needs, however, draws on the donor's foresight and wisdom, but seldom recognizes the donor.^[3] Prevention of future needs will often avert far more hardship than a response after the fact.^[4] For example, the charities responding to starvation from overpopulation in Africa are afforded swift recognition.^[5] Meanwhile, philanthropists behind the U.S. population movement of the 1960s and 1970s were never recognized, and are lost to history.^[6]

[edit] Political views on philanthropy

Philanthropy is a private sector means of effecting social change without recourse to government mechanisms such as those represented by aid programs.

Governments are often supportive of philanthropic efforts. In many countries, those who donate money to a charity are given a tax break. Some governments are suspicious of philanthropic activities as possible grabs for favor (and votes/power in democracies) of portions of the population by non-governmental organizations.

[edit] Social activism and philanthropy

Social activists frequently criticize philanthrophic contributions by corporations whom activists consider suspect. Harvard University divested itself of Exxon stock after pressure and accusations that Exxon's business activities in South Africa contributed to apartheid. But when asked if they still wanted to receive philanthropic contributions from Exxon, Harvard said "yes". Some considered this morally inconsistent, others would consider it a warranted penance. If Harvard remained a stockholder, it could have voted to stop operations in the country. Instead, it sold the stock in protest. Exxon did in fact stop doing business in South Africa, as did other companies like Xerox, thereby costing employees their jobs and South Africa several contributors to a healthy economy. On the other hand, the international embargo against South Africa finally forced the white minority to grant political and human rights to its black and coloured citizens.

[edit] Uses of the word

[edit] Conventional Usage

By the conventional definition of philanthropy, donations are dedicated to a narrowly defined cause and the donation is targeted to make a recognizable change in social conditions. This often necessitates large donations and financial support sustained over time.

The need for a large financial commitment creates a distinction between philanthropy and charitable giving, which typically plays a supporting role in a charitable organization initiated by someone else. Thus, the conventional usage of philanthropy applies mainly to wealthy persons, and sometimes to a trust created by a wealthy person with a particular cause or objective targeted.

Many non-wealthy persons have dedicated – thus, donated – substantial portions of their time, effort and wealth to charitable causes. These people are not typically described as philanthropists because individual effort alone is seldom recognized as instigating significant change. These people are thought of as charitable workers but some people wish to recognize these people as philanthropists in honor of their efforts.

[edit] See also

[edit] Lists

List of wealthiest foundations

[edit] References

^ Mary Lou & John Tanton; A Journey into American Conservation, by John F. Rohe, published by FAIR Horizon Press, 2002, Chapter 6, entitled Prophesy and Charity.
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^ http://flip.onphilanthropy.com/news_onphilanthropy/africa/index.html
^ Mary Lou & John Tanton; A Journey into American Conservation, by John F. Rohe, published by FAIR Horizon Press, 2002, Chapter 6, entitled Prophesy and Charity.