Portal:Pharmacy and Pharmacology
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Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is a transitional field between health sciences and chemical sciences and a profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimise medication management to produce positive health-outcomes.
Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapies, medical applications, and antipathogenic capabilities.
The field of pharmacy can generally be divided into three main disciplines:
- Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy which concerns on how to convert medication and drugs to suitable drug dosage forms.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences: including pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and also pharmacology.
- Pharmacy practice: which concerns over dispensing medication correctly. Recently this field has developed into hospital pharmacy and clinical pharmacy, all these field are concentrated on optimizing patient care.
Inside every branch of pharmacy there are many specialized branches related to many scientific disciplines. This makes pharmaceuticals related to the majority of pure and applied sciences. for example, medicinal chemistry can be divided into: ADME, bioavailability, chemogenomics, drug design, drug discovery, enzyme inhibition, mechanism of action, new chemical entity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology , pharmacophore perception, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, and Structure-Activity Relationship.
Many other sciences are also related to many branches of pharmacy: we can mention physical chemistry including mixing and mass transfer which makes basis for pharmaceutics. The quality control process which is so necessary after the pharmaceutical production depends essentially on analytical chemistry.
Biology (including molecular biology and biochemistry), physiology, organic chemistry, microbiology, parasitology , and also botany are all related in some way with one of pharmacy sciences. Recently the field of drug discovery and drug design has developed with the new technologies invented in other fields like bioinformatics, cheminformatics, computational chemistry, genetics, and proteomics.
Paracetamol (INN) (IPA: [pærəˈsitəmɒl, -moʊl, -ˈsɛtə-]) or acetaminophen (USAN), is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. Paracetamol is also useful in managing more severe pain, allowing lower dosages of additional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioid analgesics to be used, thereby minimizing overall side-effects. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications, as well as many prescription analgesics. It is safe for human use in recommended doses, but because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdoses are fairly common.
In ancient and medieval times, known antipyretic agents were compounds contained in white willow bark (a family of chemicals known as salicins, which led to the development of aspirin), and compounds contained in cinchona bark. Cinchona bark was also used to create the anti-malaria drug quinine. Quinine itself also has antipyretic effects. Efforts to refine and isolate salicin and salicylic acid took place throughout the middle- and late-19th century, and was accomplished by Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann (this was also done by French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt 40 years earlier, but he abandoned the work after deciding it was too impractical).
Chemical Structure of Cytochrom P450 2D6
- ...Thalidomide is a drug that was sold during the late 1950s and 1960s to pregnant women as an antiemetic? It was later found to be teratogenic, causing amelia and phocomelia. However, it is still used for other indications such as for leprosy and multiple myeloma, with close regulation through the System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety (STEPS) program.
- The therapeutic index of a medication is a comparison of the amount that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic effects. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the dose required to produce the desired therapeutic effect and the toxic dose. A commonly used measure of therapeutic index is the effective dose of a drug for 50% of the population (ED50) divided by the lethal dose for 50% of the population (LD50).
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy: Including Pharmaceutical technology and Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences : including Pharmaceutical chemistry , Pharmacognosy , Phytochemistry and also Pharmacology sometimes .
- Pharmacy practice : which concerns on dispensing medications in good way , recently this field has developed to Hospital pharmacy and Clinical pharmacy , all these field is concentrating on optimizing patient care .
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*Pharmacy
Branches of Pharmaceutics include:
Pharmaceutical Dosageforms :
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