Petronas Twin Towers
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| Petronas Twin Towers | |
 Petronas Twin Towers was the world's tallest building from 1998 to 2004.† |
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| Preceded by | Sears Tower |
| Surpassed by | Taipei 101 |
| Information | |
|---|---|
| Location | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Status | Complete |
| Constructed | 1995-1998 |
| Use | Office |
| Height | |
| Antenna/Spire | 452 m (1483 ft.) |
| Roof | 403 m (1322 ft.)[citation needed] |
| Top floor | 375 m (1230 ft.) |
| Technical Details | |
| Floor count | 88 |
| Floor area | 395,000 sq. m 4.25 million sq. ft |
| Elevator count | 78 |
| Companies | |
| Architect | César Pelli |
| †Fully habitable, self-supported, from main entrance to highest structural or architectural top; see world's tallest structures for other listings. | |
The Petronas Twin Towers (also known as the Petronas Towers), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were once the world's tallest buildings when measured from the level of the main entrance to the structural or architectural top.
The Petronas Twin Towers are the tallest twin towers in the world, and they lay claim to being the world's tallest high rise of the 20th century. Critics point out that this applies to only one of four height categories defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat - although the three additional height categories were only introduced as the tower neared completion in 1996, as opposed to the original category which had been in use since 1969. [1]
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[edit] History
These towers, which were designed by architect César Pelli, were completed in 1998 and became the tallest buildings in the world on the date of completion. The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion. They were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track. Because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundations. The 120-meter foundations were built by Bachy Soletanche, and required massive amounts of concrete.
In an unusual move, a different construction company was hired for each of the towers, and they were made to compete against each other. Eventually the builders of Tower 2, Samsung Constructions (the Construction Division of Samsung Corporation), Kukdong Engineering & Construction (both of South Korea), won the race, despite starting a month behind Tower 1, built by Hazama Corporation.
Due to a lack of steel and the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high strength reinforced concrete. High-strength concrete is a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation than a comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23-metre concrete cores and an outer ring of widely-spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides from 1300 to 2000 square metres of column-free office space per floor.
Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a popular shopping mall, and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.
Petronas, Malaysia's national oil company, set out to build the world's tallest building. Although other buildings such as the Sears Tower have higher occupied floors, a higher pinnacle, and a higher roof, the Petronas Twin Towers' spires are classified as architectural details and rise to 452 m (1483 feet), giving it the greatest structural height until Taipei 101. Taking advantage of the quirks of the rules governing building measurements (counting spires but not antennas) has generated controversy over the towers' claim to the title.
Other buildings in history have used spires to increase their height but had always been taller overall to the pinnacle when trying to claim the title, not shorter. In the aftermath of the controversy, the rules governing official titles were partially overhauled, and a number of buildings re-classified structural antenna as architectural details to boost their height rating (even though nothing was actually done to the building). Since the rules had allowed a building that looked shorter to say they were taller, newer buildings have had a focus on getting more than one of the height categories and tried to cater to popular perception rather than technicalities.
[edit] Tenants of the Petronas Towers
Tower One is fully occupied by the Petronas Company and a number of its subsidiaries and associate companies. The office spaces in Tower Two are mostly available for lease to other companies. A number of companies have offices in Tower Two, including Accenture, Al Jazeera English, Bloomberg, Boeing, IBM, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, McKinsey & Co, Microsoft, Newfield Exploration, Exact Software and Reuters.
[edit] KLCC Park
Outside the building is a park with jogging and walking paths, a fountain with incorporated light show, wading pools, and a children's playground.
Suria KLCC is one of the biggest shopping malls in Malaysia.
[edit] Skybridge
The towers feature a skybridge (constructed by Kukdong Engineering & Construction) between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors. The bridge is 170 m high and 58 m long. The same floor is also known as the podium, since visitors desiring to go to higher levels have to change elevators here. The skybridge is open to all visitors, but passes (limited to around 1400 people per day, which usually run out before noon) must be obtained on a first-come, first-served basis. Passes are free. The skybridge is closed on Mondays.
The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower. However, the total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on September 12, 2001 showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, and the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event. Current plans thus call for the elevators to be used if both towers need to be evacuated, and a successful drill following the revised plan was conducted in 2005.
The skybridge was not present in the original design. Subsequently during the construction, very minor change in the verticality observed for one of the tower. The resolution for this problem was to construct this massive sky bridge, which was fabricated by a Korean steel company.
[edit] Elevator system
The towers have an advanced elevator system which attempts to minimise floor space whilst maximising the number of people they can transport. The main bank of elevators is located in the centre of each tower. All main elevators are double-decker with the lower deck of the elevator taking you to odd numbered floors and upper deck taking you to the even numbered floors. In order to access an even numbered floor from ground level, one is required to use an escalator to access the upper deck of the elevator.
From the ground floor there are three groupings of elevator. The "short haul" group of 61.000 elevators take people to floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of 6 elevators take people to floors between level 18/19 and level 37/38. Finally there is a a set of shuttle elevators that take people directly to levels 41/42. In order to get to levels above 41/42, one is required to take the shuttle elevators and then catch a connection lift to the upper floors. These connecting elevators sit directly above the elevators serving levels 2 to 38 but the pattern now repeats with the upper levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set serving levels 59/60 to levels 73/74. It is therefore not possible to travel from the ground level all the way up to the upper most level using one elevator.
Apart from this main bank of elevators, there are a series of "connecting" elevators to take people between the elevator groupings. Unlike the main elevators, these are not of the double-decker type. Two elevators are provided for example to take people from levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39 and 40 are not accessible as office space). This avoids the need for someone situated at the lower half of the building to go all the way down to the ground floor in order to go all the way up in the shuttle elevator in order to gain access to the upper half of the building.
The elevators contain a number of safety features. It is possible to evacuate people from an elevator stuck between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent elevators next to it and opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for people in the stuck elevator to walk between elevator cars. During an evacuation of the building the shuttle elevator is allowed to be used. This is because there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42 therefore should there be a fire in the lower half of the building, this enclosed shaft would remain unaffected.
[edit] Service building
The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the services required to keep the building operational, such as dissipating the heat from the air-conditioning system for all 88 levels in both towers.
[edit] Notable events
- On March 20th, 1997, French urban climber, Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and feet and with no safety devices, scaled the building's exterior glass and steel wall. Police arrested him at the 60th floor, 28 floors away from the "summit". He made a second attempt on March 20th 2007 and was stopped once again on the same floor.[2]
- On the evening of Friday, November 4, 2005, a fire broke out in a movie theater complex in the Suria KLCC shopping centre below the Petronas Twin Towers, triggering panic among patrons who fled screaming and coughing in the thick, acrid smoke. There were no reports of injuries. The buildings were largely empty because of the late hour; the only people affected were moviegoers and some diners in restaurants.[3]
- A man base-jumped off a crane, used for the window washing staff, to the ground. The man ran off to avoid being arrested.[citation needed]
[edit] In fiction and popular culture
The 1999 movie Entrapment starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and Sean Connery, features the Tower's complex security systems being infiltrated in order to steal from a high-security bank in the tower at midnight on New Year's Day. A prime stunt sequence takes place when the pair are stranded atop the connecting bridge and are confronted by a Kuala Lumpur police helicopter. In one scene, the skyline of Kuala Lumpur (prominently featuring the Petronas Towers) was super-imposed with an urban river filmed in the city of Melaka, some 80 kilometers away. The scene created an illusion whereby the Petronas Towers were surrounded by shanty towns, thus prompting disapproval from Kuala Lumpur residents. Ironically there are indeed shanty towns within a couple of miles of the building, simply not the ones shown in the film. The film was never banned in Malaysia although FINAS viewed the film as degrading to the Malaysian community.
The towers also feature prominently in the recent Bollywood movie Don - The Chase Begins Again, including a walk on the roof of the Skybridge by Arjun Rampal
The twin towers also serve as the setting for three levels in the videogame Hitman 2: Silent Assassin.
[edit] Image Gallery
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[edit] Quotations
A quote by the building's main architect:
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- "According to Lao Tse, the reality of a hollow object is in the void and not in the walls that define it. He was speaking, of course, of spiritual realities. These are the realities also of the Petronas Towers. The power of the void is increased and made more explicit by the pedestrian bridge that ... with its supporting structure creates a portal to the sky ... a door to the infinite."
- —César Pelli, architect (1995)
- "According to Lao Tse, the reality of a hollow object is in the void and not in the walls that define it. He was speaking, of course, of spiritual realities. These are the realities also of the Petronas Towers. The power of the void is increased and made more explicit by the pedestrian bridge that ... with its supporting structure creates a portal to the sky ... a door to the infinite."
[edit] References
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This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. It may be using the words or ideas of other publications in its text, without citing the source(s) of the information. Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations. This article has been tagged since December 2006. (help) |
- ^ Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
- ^ 'Spiderman’ has another go at Twin Towers, The Star, March 21, 2007.
- ^ Fire Forces Evacuation at Malaysia Towers, CBS News, November 4, 2005.
[edit] External links
| Find more information on Petronas Twin Towers by searching Wikipedia's sister projects | |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- The Official Website
- Structurae: Petronas Towers
- SkyScrapers.org - Illustration Entry of Petronas Towers
- panoramas.dk 360-Panorama Petronas Tower
- ArchNet - Drawings, photos and videos
- Satellite Image at Google Maps
- Petronas Twin Towers: Analysis of the Form
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| MSC Centre | Cyberjaya |
| MSC Area | Klang Valley |
| MSC Major Landmarks | Petronas Twin Towers • Kuala Lumpur Tower • Kuala Lumpur Sentral • Technology Park Malaysia • Putrajaya • Cyberjaya • Kuala Lumpur International Airport |
| MSC Infrastructure | Express Rail Link • Kuala Lumpur-Putrajaya Expressway |
| MSC Prime Applications | e-Government • MyKad |
 Skyscrapers in Malaysia |
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| Completed: | Alor Star Tower • Berjaya Times Square • Dayabumi Complex • KOMTAR • Kuala Lumpur Tower • Kerinchi Pylon • Maxis Tower • Maybank Tower • Menara Mesiniaga • Menara Telekom • Millenium Tower • Petronas Twin Towers • RTM Tower |
| Under construction: | Kuala Lumpur Pavillion |
| Construction suspended: | Plaza Rakyat |
| Proposed: | Selangor Triple Towers |
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | Articles lacking sources from December 2006 | All articles lacking sources | 1998 architecture | Buildings and structures in Kuala Lumpur | Skyscrapers in Malaysia | Skyscrapers over 350 meters | Former world's tallest buildings | César Pelli buildings | Aga Khan Award for Architecture winners
