Talk:Persian Empire

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It was Mozzafar-al-Din Shah who had granted a concession to William Knox D'Arcy not Mohammad Ali Shah!

one little problem: I wish we could somehow move the discussion page of the former Persia page to here, without touching the current Persia page. That would help ALOT.--Zereshk 20:34, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)


Would a simple copy-and-paste be all right for that, or would that violate some rules? Fishal 23:09, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I don't know if this was covered on the old discussion page, but the mentions of Zarathushtra and Zoroastrianism are inaccurate, and esp. in the case of "gods" and the "mystic" "Magi" these errors would be extremely offensive to any Zartushti - and I find them offensive by proxy. How educated people still mistake the mystery cult of the Chaldæan Oracles of Zoroaster and the astrotheology of the Babylonians and Chaldæans with the Persian "Good Religion" proper is beyond me. Since this is a Persian page I think we could also use the correct terms of Dastur or Mobed (I'm in the process of writing Zoroastrian pages, don't worry about a dead link) or clear up the confusion in the Magus page; and at least get the basic theology right. Otherwise, the later mention of its influence on Judaism (and thus later Abrahamic religions) in the Hellenistic period section loses its impact (not to mention it was first during Cyrus the Great's reign!). Also, Islam replacing Zoroastrianism was not a bloodless and casual affair. A big deal doesn't have to be made of it, but a sentence or two might be added about the persecution and "persuasion" to become Muslim, so as not to "skim" over this sensitive detail. They were dhimmis in name, but not in practice. There was brief mention of how Muslims were humiliated, well, that doesn't even begin to compare with the humiliation Zoroastrians were later put through. I haven't changed anything on the page, rather, I hope some of my constructive criticism might be considered. I did add the University of Chicago link though ;-) Khirad 07:22, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Did I miss it or was there really no mention of the crusades? From what I remember they hit shortly before the mongols did. --24.83.182.3 23:06, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Contents

[edit] The heading and article is wrong

VERY IMPORTANT:


There are sources to suggest that the Persian Empire is a multiple of different empires. All reliable sources conclude different rulers and dynasties carrying on the Persian Empire. Do we see Caesar and other rulers of the Roman Empire as different empires?= NO. Similarly, the Persian Empire had different dynasties, rulers but all of them operated and ruled for and under the Persian Empire. Do we call President Bush's America and Lincoln's America as 2 different countries/empires? NO. I don't know who came up with this semi-false use of words and perception in regards to the Persian Empire, but I urge factual information opposed to what we have there now. Editor/Admin - Please rectify the introduction of this article, if you need help, text and sources please reply here for me to provide with an correct opening. Lets help keep Wikipedia unbiased and factual.

I would tend to agree with you, however the appellation "Persian" is nothing but hellenic provencialism. There never was any Persian, until modern convention rode over all local right to be reffered to as what you consider yourself. When one reads Persian, it is nothing but a hellenic confusion of the term Fars. The Fars overcame and took over what was essentially the Medean empire of the Medes. (At least to my understanding) and using your line of argument the whole thing should really be called the Medean empire. We do not refer to it in that form due to: 1. convieniance, just as Nippon is still called Japan and we call the Hellenes Greeks, to ask people to change this practice would be impossible for anybody brought up in todays world. 2. The article neglects to mention that the Archemenid dynaty was much more culturally advanced in art and the graces of life than the Parthians. This distinction is almost great enough to justify the consideration of two different civilizations, if one considers Parthia civilized.


For centuries, it is, and was called the Persian Empire, what gives us the right to change it? The word Persia and Persian dates back since the establisment of the empire, this can be seen from maps, ancient books and materials, which of copies can be found in the British Library. Its not about What we think we should call it; many scholars, historians, and professors have written truly great books on the Persian Empire which is distinctly different from this confusing version on Wikipedia. The Persian Empire infact collapsed at the invasion of Alexandra.

To correct you on another note, Fars is infact the Arabic saying for the word Pars. Farsi is the Arabic for Parsi. Parsi means Persian. Arabs do not have "P" in their vocabulary, which is why Fars is widely used. Even til recently, Arabs pronounce Pepsi as Bebsi in their local lands. Only in the recent modern devlopment of the area have they learned to pronounce P, although it is still not in their vocabulary.

An to be precise, it is a joke to call the Persian Empire, the Achamenid Empire, the definition of "achamenid" from the dictionary is: "Of or relating to the dynasty that ruled the Persian Empire". It is not a name nor a place. It is a description of the dynasty that ruled the Perisan Empire. Its like calling the Roman Empire the Ceasar Empire, or the Emperors Empire. I am in the process of preparing a refute to Wikipedia and have polished this article which I will soon push through. We are not here to fabricate or change history through confusing goggles, we are here to represent historical facts, facts and information in their true form. Bear that in mind. Thank You.

[edit] The Fall of the Persian Empire 330 B.C.

The fall of the Persian Empire came after the defeat by Alexander the Great, and the killing of Darius the Great III. Why does this article carry on further? Let me remind people this article is about the Persian Empire, NOT Iran's (Persia's) history. The Persian Empire was 1 entity, 1 empire, 1 system, which began 550 B.C. with Cyrus the Great after defeating Astyages, the ruler of Media and taking over the Median Empire and lasted until 330 B.C. This article should NOT go any further. The current article is preposterous carrying a disambiguation of history and the Persian Empire. Perhaps the admins need to make another article stating Iran's / Persia's history, but mixing them up with the Persian Empire is playing with historical facts. Admin - Please pay attention and reply possible steps we can take to rectify the misroute of this article.

This article needs to include:

1. Rise of the Persian Empire
2. The Kings of the Persian Empire
3. Their Architecture
4. The People and Society
5. The Persian Army
6. Arts, Crafts and Culture
7. Mythology, Beliefs and Customs of the Persian Empire
8. Clothing and the Way of Life
9. The Fall of the Persian Empire

This article doesn't or harldy, covers any of the above which are the crude form of information for the Persian Empire, unfortunately it has turned into a battle field of illusional historical facts.

[edit] Featured article candidacy

One thing I know all admins will check on in order to get this article featured are the pics and their proper tagging. So we have to take care of those before anything. Some pics in the article will easily be marked red by admins. Either we have to change the tags, give additional proper info, or replace them.--Zereshk 21:18, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I went thru the images. Fixed some. I'll ask wikiacc to doublecheck. Then we'll be OK.--Zereshk 00:44, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Wrong tone

The Persian Empire is not an empire of many empires. The Persian Empire had different era's with different rulers; similar to the Roman Empire who had different rulers at different points in time. To call it "a series of historical empires" is misleading, false and unfactual. I will change this misleading tone and stand point from this article soon, if there are any objections regarding this vital change, I am open for discussions, but the change is inevitable. - Sina

[edit] Certain problems in this article

1) The introduction paragraph is highly misleading. Persian Empire does not refer to all empires that once ruled Iranian plateau. In fact, Arab Caliphate ruled over all of Iran for centuries (from mid 7th century to early 11th century) , and it can not be considered as a Persian one.

2) The term Aryan Kingdom is misleading and incorrect. There is no such term in history books. Achaemenids Empire is referred to as a Persian Empire not Aryan Kingdom in references. - Agree, there has been attempts to disfigure the Persian Empire from one entity to fractures which needs to be rectified at once.

Heja Helweda 19:10, 16 February 2006 (UTC)


I Agree aswell - I have posted an objection. I am shocked to see such false information. If there are no changes, we will have to write an letter to Wikipedia offices.

A citation is needed for the WWI section, especially the account of German Agents claiming that Kaiser Wilhelm had converted to Islam!


Would it be proper, maybe, to refer to it as a conglomeration of many kingdoms created by the semitic expansion of the Summerians and those conquered or created by the very obvious expansion of the Aryan tribes of the "Russian" steppes? There is very little question that the people of the eastern Iranian plateau were either conquered by, or of Aryan decent. Gods like Mitra (i.e. Indra) and the symbols such as the swastika confirm this. Even the word Iranian is nothing but a corruption of Aryan. I am all for accuracy on the details as well as the general outline but to say that ther was a Persian ethnic type entirely seperate of the Aryan ethnic type is disingenuous. Look where we are in the dawn of the 21st century, still arguing about incignificant things like the ethnic make-up of a people who are gone at least 2000 years. Let us advance forward please and realie that all origins are a mystery and be content with the beauty that this civilization has bequethed to untold generations. Stop letting old prejudices and carelessness get in the way of scholarship. With love and respect G-Money the Funkster

[edit] Persia, Parthia, or Iran?

Misrepresenting one of the most glorious and influential times in Iranian history, and for that matter world history, the dynasty of Achaemenids, Ashkanian, and Sassanids in all called the Persian Empire--the first global empire; the largest the world had seen yet--the empire that gave humanity for the first time the ideas of monotheism, the "Wise Men from the East" in the Bible, which in English, the term may refer to a shaman, sorcerer, or wizard; it is the origin of the English words magic and magician, angelology, demonology[1], eschatological teachings, apocalyptical notions [2], that would later be transferred to their newly freed Jewish subjects that in return would adapt these ideas, that would in turn enormously influence Judaism and later Christianity should not be encouraged. Misrepresenting the second Iranian dynasty, the Ashkanian, or Parthian Empire who reunited Iran and made it into a global power again, and who have had tremendous impact on the Iranian culture, should not be an aim of yours, just because it is simply more ``convenient`` for Western literature to do so.

From its birth, Iran was called Iran (land of Aryans) by Cyrus the Great, not Persia, which is simply a province in Iran, yet so much inaccuracies have risen that the West thinks Persia is extinct, and the modern nation of Iran is different, which is false, in fact--from 525 BC up to 1979 AD, the country was called `Kingdom of Iran`; there is archeological proof of that. After the 1979 revolution, the country is now called `The Islamic Republic of Iran`. There are numerous articles and books that state Parthia was a country in Asia, or that the second Persian, i.e., Iranian dynasty was the Sassanid, or even more erroneously, and shockingly, that Parthian were foreign rulers of Persia. That is absurd; it is very much like saying Yankees in Boston in the north rose to power and formed Bostonia, later native Texans took back their land, and were the second American dynasty.

Ashkanian, who came from the north of Iran and were from the ancient Iranian tribe of Ashkuzi (Scythians), reunited Iran, and revitalized Persian customs. Macedonia that was not even part of Greece, is under Ancient Greece, yet, people seem to have separated Persia, Parthia, and Iran. As such, because Wikepedia gives people a chance to make wrongs right, it is essential that right in the beginning of the sentence, the empire’s real name be embedded in there, so when a reader studies it for the first time, he or she would know the origin of the empire. Calling that era of Iran, Persia and Parthia is absolutely confusing, and above all false. The correct name for the country was, and is simply, Iran. Zmmz 22:45, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Huh? The whole world, from the English "Persia and Persian" to the Danish "Persisk" to the Hindi and Persian "Parsi" the era, nationality, and global representation of Iran (Land of Aryans) has always and will always be known as Persia. From Persian Carpets to Persian Poets to the Persian Caviar, the word Persian is what the world has used so far to describe derivatives from the land of Iran. In History, Iran has been used to describe the Persian land as Persians considered their land the land of Aryans. Iran is a description of the Persian Land, not a name. Iran is Persia, Persia is Iran. Reza Shah only declared the world to use the word Iran to refer to Persia. The country Persia didn't change, nor was it taken over or invaded. The ruling goverment only changed. Your arguement is weak, England or United Kingdom or Great Britian has more names than any other country, one can respectively argue the true name for Britian, England or whatever, to a deeper level than Persia. Is the British Empire or English Empire or United Kingdom Empire??? People living in Iran are NOT Iranians, they are Persians. Does the word Arab exist? Yes, the same way people in Qatar and Jordan are Arab and speak Arabic, the same way people in Iran and some parts of Afganistan are Persians. Do you call people in Qatar, Qatari's or Jordanese? No, they are Arabs. The word Persia and Iran are intertwined and will be forever. As long as the Persian people see them selves as Persians living in Iran the land of Aryans so will the world.

We have spent a lot of time debating and deciding what name the article should be under (See above on this talk page along with Talk:Persia). We've called the article "Persia" simply because this is normal English usage for pre-1935 Iran, and consequently hundreds or even thousands of articles link to Persia, not Iran. This is the way that results in the most user-friendly encyclopedia. But if the lead section is not clear enough in that respect, it should be changed. Fishal 05:58, 21 February 2006 (UTC)


Iranians are a groups of people who mainly live in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikastan, Azarbiagan, and patially Turkmanestan and Uzbakestan(who are partially Turk). A region in Iran is called Pars(or persia). Cyrus the Great was half Persian and half Median( a differnt Iranian group). When he became king, he united the Persians and the Medians so from then on with in his country is was known as Iran( the combination of the Persians and Medians). However outside of Iran it was known as Persia. Which remained that way till Reza Shah made everyone outside of Iran not call it Persia, but Iran in instead, which occured in 1935. Now people don't even relate Iran and Persia to each other. Everyone who knows this should always try to stress this so that the history of Iran is not fogotten. If you are talking about someone who is Iranian use the word Persian. Eventhough that person might not necessarily be 100 pecent Persian, this helps maintain the connectian between Iran and Persia. Parthia is just a differnt Iranian group, who are from the Khorasan region. The Parthians are not to be called uncivilized, for they freed Iranians from Greek rule. And even over powered the Romans in many battles. In Iran the Parthian Empire is knowen as the Askanian dynasty. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mehrimehr (talk • contribs) 04:53, 22 October 2006.


The above section was inserted in the discussion to inform the reader of the true title and/or the name given to ancient Iran.Zmmz 22:45, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

[edit] bockspur 9th of esfand 1384Sol-e-Hajj, 28 of feb 2006PostIssa

The study of history should be the pursuit of knowledge unbiased by culture , religion, or politics. To call Iran anything other then the name chosen by it's people thru two and a half milennia of common usage would betray that goal. Many reasons have been put put forward for using the term "persian", but they seem to break down into two dominant categories: i)continuity;people in english speaking contries have used the latin word germany for deutchland, MesR is commonly labeled egypt outside of it's borders, etc.. Why shouldn't Iran be called persia? Mainly because Iran hasn't given up on itself;It hasn't lost two world wars back to back or had to endure two millenia, more or less, of foreign rule. Iran still views itelf as nation whose destiny is in it's own hands, free to make it's own mistakes and learn from them, proud enough to not be called by some european "nickname". That of course is not true of all people who can claim iranian ancestry and to those people my heart truly goes out. I understand that it's almost a national sport in the west to demonize all things iranian and quite a number of people just want to assimilate and be accepted by their neighbors, friends, co-workers etc.. and they feel that being "persian" will result in fewer questions about islam , nuclear weapons and terrorism. I wish you did not have to feel this burden that makes you choose such a path, but alas, you too must understand that many people of iranian ancestry can distinguish between a particular government , expousing a particular religion , at a particular time in national history and the name their mothers taught them to call their homeland. If being iranian is too much mass to bear upon your shoulders, then replace it with a pebble but not an imaginary one named persia. For the rest of us we like the mass on our shoulders it makes us feel important at dinner parties. :) ii)history; the history books call it persia, uh isn't that the right name, it's written down by some old geriatric european dude, 'nough said, right? Goebbels, the nazi minister of information, claimed that if you say a lie enough times it will become the truth. That may very well be so with propaganda, but it is the diametric opposite of historical research. In the study of history it is the one discovery upon a shard of pottery that upsets a previous gestalt and forces the academically honest to rewrite all the history books. The name Iran is no different, you may bury it with bigotry disguised as journalism and self hatred masquerading as historical accuracy but it will always rise again and again to reassert itself and upset the world view of others simply because love will always triumph over hate and those who love Iran will always love it more than those who hate it can ever hate it. Hatred exhausts itself and those who practise it, whereas love is self sustaining and a source of nourishment to giver and reciever. I can't remember the name of the iranian poet who said those words but my mom use to read them to me whenever i didn't smile at lifes little hiccups.


Well, that`s right. But, also it is not just a naming dispute, it gets much more serious than that. It is the fact that many in the West think that Persia or the people who lived in it are extinct. In fact, they feel modern day Iranians are Arabs, or at best relatives of Arabs, which is inaccurate. The fact is that both the people and the culture have survived, and modern day Iranians are decendents of the so called Persians. Furthermore, it is still different than other naming controversies in that Persia was and still is an ancient state in the country Iran, so naming a country after one of its states from which the first dynasty arose, certainly cause mass confusions.Zmmz 05:51, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Eurpoeans and their imitators have this belief that all the magnificint monuments they encounter around the world are the product of extinct peoples and that the current inhabitants are the descendants of nomadic tribes or what have you. Take the example of Mesr, the population has not changed for 4 milennia, the ruling class may be a combination of greek,bedouin,turk, and albanian but the other 99% percent , the ones who constructed the pyramids and laid down the plans for the first suez canal as requested by cambysis so long ago still remain, waiting to be released from the yoke of post colonial tyranny and begin the long hard road to true national freedom. The palestinians who the current leadership of the world treats as human garbage to be driven from their lands and labelled foreign ,much in the same spirit the welsh were treated by angles-saxon-jutes or native americans by various post columbian states, are in fact in the most part the descendents of ancient palestine. If you could do a genetic analysis of the palestinian population you'd find the descendants of cannan, jiburu " the pre-israelite inhabitants of jerusalem", and even the 13th hebrew tribes. In fact any appreciation of genetics will tell you that the palestinians are more genetically hebrew than any group of people taking a two thousand year tour of the world. Yet ancient european bigotries prevent the modern israeli from embracing his blood relatives and making a fair peace based on familial reconcilation.

Then we come to Iran and Iranians, we follow in the spirit of our ancestors;we embrace them and they live thru our actions . They don't need the countless relics scattered thru out Iran, the middleast, central asia, asia minor, the balkans and the indian sub-continent to attest to their greatness, we, the Iranian people, are their monuments. In our lives and accomplishments, whether as physicians,engineers, scientist,etc.. we carry on thier thirst for knowledge which launched them on thier conquests at the dawn of civilization, their sense of fairness which brings us to loggerheads with superpowers, and thier love of culture which transformed an iliterate military culture into the gem of human civilization. In my travels i have encountered people of various genetic disposition who tell me strories of their common ancestory, they tell me of their long dead king kowrowz and of heroes named rustam and of their beloved warrior saint Ali. Their stories and the pride they have in them have taught me that Iran is not a merely a nationality or a race but rather something more a kin to an operating system that runs on the soul of a person. And calling that OS by any other name is copyright infringement. Zendibod Iran Bockspur 14th of Esfand 1384 Sol-e-Hajj , 5th of mar 2006 Post Issa


You have made many great points, just as Hellenes are called Greeks because of Roman ignorance, so many refer to Iran as Persians. This is incorrect and only creates ignorance, but shows the subjectivity of labels. We will always be reffered to by some generalization only to keep us sane. What is an Iranian what is a Persain, what is a Coloradoan what is an American? In the end it is not very important and please, all Iranians and anyone who has been mislabled, lets get beyond that and realize that there are entire cultures that historians have discounted and forgotten at least yours continues and the world is in a debt to it for the many items of beauty produced by it. Anyway, do you have a special time machine that lets you know beyond a doubt what people in 500 b.c.e. considered themselves?

[edit] Too Wide

This page is too wide for 800x600. It's the "Dynasties of Iran" image. --Grocer 10:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Persepolis Recreated - The Movie Documentary

Seized and burned by Alexander the Great's conquering army, shaken by uncounted earthquakes, eroded by 25 centuries of rain, fluctuating temperatures and scouring winds, Persepolis-the greatest of the royal residences of ancient Persia-is a definitive ancient ruin.

Yet, the place remains an awesomely impressive sight 2,500 years after it was built. Even today, those who step up to its gigantic terrace of 125,000 square meters and see its majestic columns are filled with a sense of awe drifting into a dream-like trance.

A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

"Persepolis Recreated" is the name of the most recent documentary film , which is available and you can view here online at this site: Persepolis Recreated - Reconstruction of Persepolis

[edit] Timeline

The Timeline of Iran looked pretty bad in the beginning of the article, I moved it down. The Unknown 23:56, 19 May 2006 (UTC)


Dates in the timeline overlap; that is the Zand dynasty and the Quajar dynasty overlap. Are the supposed to? -selfparody


[edit] Post-Achaemenid Period

"Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death, but Persia remained in Persian hands."

I don't understand that sentence. Wasn't it in Macedonian hands before the death?

[edit] From Persepolis to Vanak

Hey guys, I read an article that said director Maziar Miri has created a documentory about how the clothing and culture of Iran has changed from the times of the achamaenids to the present. It will be shown on Channel 4 on the Iranian TV in 13 eposides, each 30 mins. I thought everyone might be intrested in seeing it. Now here is the problem.I don't know when it'll be shown and what time it will be on. If anyone knows anything please let us know, thank you. --(Aytakin) | Talk 00:35, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Help keep the Tehran places page alive!

Hello, the page List_of_the_localities_around_Tehran is about to be deleted. Everyone, please help in turning the red links into blue and help keep the page alive and also in the talk page state your opinion on the page. Thanks --(Aytakin) | Talk 18:31, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

It was no problem at all and you're welcome.

[edit] Persia in Fiction: Arabian Nights?

In the section Persia in fiction I saw the name Arabian Nights used instead of the original, Persian name of the book, 1001 Nights. I changed it and please, don't make these mistakes in any Iran related article. Thank you. 66.36.149.183 17:40, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] The Great Game

The section on European influence in the region reminded my of references to The Great Game in the Afghanistan article. I added a See also. Bear475 16:39, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

[edit] The Persian Empire by Pejman Azadi

Persian Empire by Pejman Azadi

For more information about Persian Empire plesse visit http://pejman.azadi.googlepages.com/Iran

[edit] other Languages

This page is closed, please add the correct intern link for persian: fa:تاریخ ایران پیش از اسلام .Thank u. Habib_abi.

Done. Khoikhoi 02:44, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Persian Use of Cannabis

If someone could put together some information regarding the Persians use of cannabis it would make this page more complete. Calicheese23 23:01, 30 November 2006 (UTC)


[edit] Wrong information on some parts

The information about islamic persian is not totally correct.As a person with great knowledge background on Turkish history, I can simply say there was never a turkish aid to persians against arab armies. Besides, there is no reference on the information.Just a statement.Morover,Arabs allied with Turks against chinese armies in battle of Talas which led Turks to be muslim in mass numbers.The event which led turks to islam is battle of Talas.This is a perfectly known fact stated by every historical source.

Those parts should be corrected and at least given realiable and neutral reference.

[edit] Why does this article about Persia contain two paragraphs about the world's Jewish population

Under "Name", there are two irrelevant paragraphs about the world's Jewish population in the midst of an explanation about the meaning of "Persia". This is a page about the Persian Empire, not Jews. If I wanted to learn about the world's Jewish population, I would go to a page about Jews or religious populations. This should be edited out, especially as it seems to have been inserted for divisive and pernicious purposes. 66.108.25.214 04:10, 21 January 2007 (UTC)


[edit] New name of the country

On March 21, 1935, Iran was officially accepted as the new name of the country.

This sentence implies that the name of the country was Persia before Iran, which is incorrect. The name of the country among its people has always been Iran. The name of the country in the west or maybe in the international community changed from Persia to Iran. I think this sentence is ambiguous. I also think a link to the "Iran naming dispute" page is very appropriate in any article that refers to the country as I know there is a lot of confusion among english-speaking public and even among Iranians/Persians. Please consider these comments. --Definite 05:09, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

[edit] "Mongols and their successors (1219–1500)"

The heading "Mongols and their successors (1219–1500)" should be changed -- why should Turkic Aq-Qoyunlu, Qara-Qoyunlu, Ilkhanids and Timurids be grouped together like this, whilst all other dynasties are listed out separately? Equal approach should be afforded to all. --AdilBaguirov 06:49, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Darius I and Xerxes I using the same picture?

Perhaps I'm crazy or don't know enough about the topic, but it appears as though the image being used for Darius I in this article and his article appears to be the same one being identified as an engraving of Xerxes I in that article. confusing. --74.97.142.249 21:06, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

That's a good call. I believe that sculpture is from the central panel on the east side of the Apadana at Persepolis. It isn't labelled but our best authority on the subject, Michael Roaf, discusses it in Sculptures and Sculptors at Persepolis. The received view is that Darius had a crenellated crown and Xerxes a plain cylindrical one, however this isn't perfectly clear cut as Xerxes has also been caught wearing a crenellated one. Yet it seems Darius did not wear a plain crown during his reign (still with me?), so the best guess is that that sculpture is of Xerxes early in his reign. Hope that helps. Twospoonfuls 21:39, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

answer: all i know is that that is Darius the Greats image.

It's because we're not sure if which one is whom because the Greeks and Arabs burned most Persian history records. So... --Arad 02:27, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
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