Persuasive writing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Persuasive writing is used to convince the reader of the writer’s argument. This may involve persuading the reader to perform an action, or simply consist of an argument convincing the reader of the writer’s point of view. Persuasive writers employ many techniques to improve their argument and show support for their claim.
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[edit] Ethos, Pathos and Logos in Persuasive Writing
By appealing to their credibility, writers can make their claims more believable. This is called an appeal to ethos, as defined by Aristotle. The writer builds on his or her ethos by writing with clarity (an important element of style) and eliminating contradictions within the text itself. The writer will be more credible to the target audience if there are no internal errors in syntax and mechanics as well as no factual errors in the subject matter.
The writer will also appeal to logic when writing to persuade. This appeal is known as logos. This appeal is manifested in the supporting statements for the writer’s claim. In most cases, a successful appeal to logos requires tangible evidence, e.g. a quote from acknowledged written material. The writer will appeal to the rationality of the audience.
Finally, and possibly most importantly for persuasive writers, is the appeal to emotions or pathos. “A successful pathetic appeal will put the audience in a suitable mood by addressing their knowledge of or feelings about the subject” (Mendelson). This can be a very effective way to win over an audience.
Most persuasive writing techniques use an effective combination of all three appeals.
[edit] Traditional Structure in Persuasive Writing
Here is a list of the traditional parts that can be used to strengthen an argument presented in persuasive writing. While these do not have to be followed exactly or in this order, they are helpful in forming the structure in persuasive writing.
- Exordium, or introduction
- Narratio, or background statement of the facts
- Partitio, or forecast of the topics to be presented
- Conformatio, or the confirmation of the piece. In contemporary English classes, this would be called the body of the text.
- Refutatio, or discussion of alternatives
- Peroration, or a conclusion. It’s often helpful to tie the conclusion back to the introduction in order to strengthen your claim.
[edit] Common Techniques
- Emphasizing benefits while ignoring drawbacks
- Writing in active voice rather than passive voice
- Writing in short sentences and shorter words
- Create a list of 'For and Against' points
- Capture your reader's interest from the first sentence
- Use connectives e.g. Furthermore, Moreover and Therefore
- Make opposing facts seem like problems
- Use a lively anecdote to persuade your reader
- Use rhetorical questions
- Use "in fact" and "indeed" to strengthen your viewpoint
- Use "however" to offer a contrasting viewpoint
- End with a positive and interesting statement
[edit] Visual Appeals
Visual appeals can add to the effectiveness of the written word alone. Using complementing visuals can help strengthen arguments. This improves the visual rhetoric by making the page more appealing and allowing the reader more access to the page.
[edit] Early Rhetoric and Persuasive Writing
Early rhetoricians dealt with this type of writing and oration. Cicero most notably defined this kind of writing as the grand style in his work Orator. Cicero states, “This eloquence has power to sway man’s mind and move them in every possible way” (Cicero). He also states, however, that the most effective orator, or in this case, writer, uses a combination of the plain, middle and this grand style to suit the context. Then you must save the work.
[edit] Contemporary Examples
Perhaps the most famous example of persuasive writing present in American culture is the state of the union address given annually by the President of the United States. This address is written to convince the citizens not only that the President’s plan will be beneficial to the United States, but also to convince the public of the country’s current and continued success. Though this speech in its original delivery is not written, it is often constructed in the form of an essay, and many read the state of the union addresses later.
[edit] References
Mendelson, Michael. "A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms."
