Perfect totient number

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In number theory, a perfect totient number is an integer that is equal to the sum of its iterated totients. That is, we apply the totient function to a number n, apply it again to the resulting totient, and so on, until the number 1 is reached, and add together the resulting sequence of numbers; if the sum equals n, then n is a perfect totient number. Or to put it algebraically, if

$n = \sum_{i = 1}^{c + 1} \varphi^i(n),$

where

$\varphi^i(n)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\varphi(n)&\mbox{ if } i=1\\ \varphi(\varphi^{i-1}(n))&\mbox{ otherwise}\end{matrix}\right.$

is the iterated totient function and c is the integer such that

$\displaystyle\varphi^c(n)=2,$

then n is a perfect totient number.

The first few perfect totient numbers are

3, 9, 15, 27, 39, 81, 111, 183, 243, 255, 327, 363, 471, 729, 2187, 2199, 3063, 4359, 4375, ... (sequence A082897 in OEIS).

For example, start with 327. φ(327) = 216, φ(216) = 72, φ(72) = 24, φ(24) = 8, φ(8) = 4, φ(4) = 2, φ(2) = 1, and 216 + 72 + 24 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 327.

[edit] Multiples and powers of three

It can be observed that many perfect totient are multiples of 3; in fact, 4375 is the smallest perfect totient number that is not divisible by 3. All powers of 3 are perfect totient numbers, as may be seen by induction using the fact that

$\displaystyle\varphi(3^k) = \varphi(2\times 3^k) = 2\times 3^{k-1}.$

Venkataraman (1975) found another family of perfect totient numbers: if p = 4×3^k+1 is prime, then 3p is a perfect totient number. The values of k leading to perfect totient numbers in this way are

0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 15, 39, 201, 249, 1005, 1254, 1635, ... (sequence A005537 in OEIS).

More generally if p is a prime number greater than three, and 3p is a perfect totient number, then p ≡ 1 (mod 4) (Mohan and Suryanarayana 1982). Not all p of this form lead to perfect totient numbers; for instance, 51 is not a perfect totient number. Ianucci et al. (2003) showed that if 9p is a perfect totient number then p is a prime of one of three specific forms listed in their paper. It is not known whether there are any perfect totient numbers that are multiples of powers of 3 greater than 9 but not themselves powers of three.

[edit] References

Pérez-Cacho García, Santiago (1939). "Sobre la suma de indicadores de ordenes sucesivos". Revista Matematica Hispano-Americana 5 (3): 45–50.

Guy, Richard K. (2004). Unsolved Problems in Number Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, B42.

Iannucci, Douglas E.; Deng, Moujie; Cohen, Graeme L. (2003). "On perfect totient numbers". Journal of Integer Sequences 6 (4): 03.4.5. MR 2051959.

Luca, Florian (2006). "On the distribution of perfect totients". Journal of Integer Sequences 9 (4): 06.4.4. MR 2247943.

Mohan, A. L.; Suryanarayana, D. (1982). "Perfect totient numbers". Number theory (Mysore, 1981): 101–105, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 938, Springer-Verlag. MR 0665442.