Pecan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 Pecan orchard
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park |
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| Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch |
The Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory native to southeastern North America, from southern Iowa and Indiana south to Texas and Mississippi. It is a deciduous tree, growing to 25–40 m in height, and can be grown approximately from USDA hardiness zones 5 to 9, provided summers are also hot and humid. Pecan trees may live and bear nuts for more than three hundred years, and are one of the largest species of hickory[1]. The Pecan harvest for growers is traditionally around mid October and they grow wild in Texas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina and other southeastern states of the U.S. as well as northeast Mexico.
The leaves are alternate, 40–70 cm long, and pinnate with 9–13 (rarely up to 17) leaflets, each leaflet 5–12 cm long and 2–6 cm broad. The flowers are wind-pollinated, and monoecious, with staminate and pistillate catkins on the same tree. The Pecan trees are mostly self incompatible, because most cultivars, being clones derived from wild trees, show incomplete dichogamy. Generally, two or more trees of different cultivars must be present to pollenize each other. The fruit is an oval to oblong nut, 2.6–6 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, dark brown with a rough husk 3–4 mm thick, which splits off at maturity to release the thin-shelled nut.
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[edit] Cultivation and uses
The nuts of the Pecan are edible, with a rich, buttery flavor. They can be eaten fresh or used in cooking, particularly in sweet desserts but also in some savory dishes. One of the most common desserts with the pecan as a central ingredient is the pecan pie, a traditional southern U.S. recipe. Pecans are also a major ingredient in praline candy, most often associated with New Orleans.
In addition to the pecan nut, the wood of the pecan tree is also used in making furniture, in hardwood flooring, as well as flavoring fuel for smoking meats.
Pecans were one of the most recently domesticated major crops. Although wild pecans were well known among the colonial Americans as a delicacy, the commercial growing of pecans in the United States did not begin until the 1880s.[2] Today, the U.S. produces between 80% and 95% of the world's pecans, with an annual crop of 150-200 million kg (300-400 million pounds)[3]. Historically, however, the leading Pecan-producing state in the U.S. has been Georgia, followed by Texas, New Mexico and Oklahoma, they are also grown in Arizona. Outside the United States, pecans are grown in Australia, Brazil, China, Israel, Mexico, Peru and South Africa. In the early 1900's, in Peru, the shells were occasionally used as part of an early filtration system. Crushed pecan shells were mixed with rocks and gravel in a method very similar to the gravity fed, ceramic filtration system developed much later by the Englishman John Doulton. Although, not widely known, it has notable similarities to a modern rock and gravel filter with a trickling filter.
[edit] Diseases
[edit] Nutrition
| Pecans Nutritional value per 100 g |
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| Energy 690 kcal 2890 kJ | ||||||||||
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Pecans are a good source of protein and also unsaturated fats. Studies have shown that a diet rich in nuts can lower the risk of gallstones in women.[4] The Antioxidants and plant sterols found in pecans have been shown to reduce high Cholesterol by oxidating the (bad) LDL cholesterol levels.[5]
[edit] Trivia
- In 1906 Texas Governor James Stephen Hogg made the Pecan tree the state tree of Texas. The story goes that Hogg had a Pecan Tree planted at his grave instead of a traditional headstone, requesting that the nuts be distributed throughout the state to make Texas a "Land of Trees"[6].
- The scientific name is commonly misspelled "illinoensis".
- The pronunciation of pecan is a source of friendly dispute among aficionados. Some people say [ˈpiː.kæn] while others say [pə.ˈkɑn]. (See International Phonetic Alphabet.) The word pecan itself is noted as having an origin from the Native American Algonquin tribe, meaning a nut requiring a stone to crack[7].
- In and around the greater New Orleans area and the outlying parishes, the phrase "gone pecan" (pronounced in the local dialect as "gawn pe-cawn") is used to refer to a person who behaves in a crazy or illogical way. It is typically used in a positive or friendly fashion among companions. At one time, the phrase was used in a derogatory fashion to label the mentally ill or irresponsible.
[edit] External links
- Flora of North America: Carya illinoinensis
- Carya illinoinensis images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
- National Center for Home Food Preservation — Home Preservation of Pecans
- USDA Forest Service: Carya illinoensis
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.harrellnut.com/pecanfactsandtips.html
- ^ http://pecankernel.tamu.edu/introduction/index.html
- ^ http://www.tpga.org/faqs.html
- ^ http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/1/76
- ^ http://www.llu.edu/news/scope/spr02/newscope2.html
- ^ http://www.tpga.org/faqs.html
- ^ http://www.greenvalleypecan.com/history.asp
