Pattani Kingdom

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The Patani (Pattani) is believed to exist as a part of the ancient Srivijaya approximately covering the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, [[Narathiwat Province|Narathiwat]] and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The (Pattani) was believed to be converted to Islam some time during the 11th century.

Similar to most of the small ancient city in Southeast Asian history, Patani broken of from some older ancient stat, they had no their own writing language, enjoyed some very short degrees of real independence and today most of them have long been disappeared.

1 Early History
2 Pattani and the Siam Kingdom - Sukhothai
3 Pattani and the Siam Kingdom - Ayutthaya
4 Pattani in the Bangkok Period
5 See also
6 Further reading

[edit] Early History

Pattani was a part of the Srivijaya, the Hindu-Buddhist Empire located in Palembang and a maritime confederation from the 3rd century. The Hindu- Buddhist Empire dominated trade on the South China Sea and exacted tolls from all traffic through the Straits of Malacca. State like Tambralinga (now Nakhon Sri Thammarat).

[edit] Pattani and the Siam Kingdom - Sukhothai

14th century King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (c.1239 - 1317, aka. Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng; Thai: พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช) was the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty of Sukhothai occupied the Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal state including Pattani.

[edit] Pattani and the Siam Kingdom - Ayutthaya

The Siamese kingdom under Ayutthaya conquered the isthmus from the thirteenth century. The Siam kingdom was a single unified state with Ayutthaya as a capital and a lot of smaller vassal state under her control, therefore they used the self-governing system which the vassal state with the principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the king of Ayutthaya.

During much of the fifteenth century Ayutthaya's energies were directed toward the Malay Peninsula, where a trading port of Malacca. TheAyutthaya sovereignty Malacca and other Malay states south of Tambralinga. Ayutthaya helped to build and stabilize this region open the way for the lucrative trade on the isthmus, which attracted Chinese traders of specialty goods for the luxury markets of China.

The sixteenth century Ayutthaya witnessed the rise of Burma, which under an aggressive dynasty had overrun Chiang Mai and Laos and made war on the Ayutthaya. In 1569 Burmese forces, joined by Siam rebels, captured the city of Ayutthaya and carried off the royal family to Burma. Dhammaraja (1569-90), a Siam governor who had aided the Burmese, was installed as vassal king at Ayutthaya. Thai independence was restored by his son, King Naresuan (1590- 1605), who turned on the Burmese and by 1600 had driven them from the country.

Determined to prevent another treason like his father's, King Naresuan set about unifying the country's administration directly under the royal court at Ayutthaya. He ended the practice of nominating royal princes to govern Ayutthaya's provinces, assigning instead court officials who were expected to execute policies handed down by the king. Thereafter royal princes were confined to the capital. Their power struggles continued, but at court under the king's watchful eye. Even with the king Naresuan's reforms, the effectiveness of the royal government over the next 150 years should not be overestimated.

However, by the mid-17th century, Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen), believed to be the last of the only four successive ruler of Pattani, died and Pattani descended into decades of political chaos and conflict. Pattani had fallen into a gradual decline. This decline prompted Pattani to submit themselves onces again to Siam as a vassal state.

Later, Ayutthaya under King Ekatat (Boromaraja V) was busy in fighting the Burmese invasion under King Alaungsaya, culminating in the complete destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767 by King Mongra of Burma.

General Taksin (later King Taksin) managed to drive back the Burmese and reunify the country, and opened the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by King Rama I. A resurgent and much stronger Siam led by Prince Surasi (Vice-King Boworn Maha Surasinghanat), younger brother of King Rama I, at war with the Pattani by Sultan Muhammad. The sultan was slain in battle, Pattani was defeated, and the region was gradually absorbed by Siam.

[edit] Pattani in the Bangkok Period

A series of attempted rebellions prompted Bangkok to divide Pattani into seven smaller states during the King Rama II. Yala and Narathiwat remain separate provinces to this day.

In 1909, the British, who had taken over Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Johore in the peninsula, acquired Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. The four states was a part of Siam before 1909. Siam and Britain came to an agreement fixing the border which result in the Siam loss of their three southern provinces, which later became Malaysia's three northern states. The line remains the border between Thailand and Malaysia to this day.

However, in recent years separatist groups among the largely Muslim populated in the three most southern part of Thailand (as well as some Malays in the northern states of Malaysia) have been engaging in terrorist attacks and insurgencies aimed at separating the long gone ancient city of Pattani from its present-day three most southern part of Thailand(Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat).

Their objective is to create a miss-trust among the local thai-muslim and the Thailand government to achieve their gold of redrawing the modern borders to form a separate Islamic State. These separatists want to consist the three southernmost Thai provinces (Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat) and the northern Malaysian states(particularly Kelantan and Terengganu) as a "Muslim state" with out looking at the truth history that in fact this area has its long history of Hindu-Buddhist and relatively new comer Muslim living side by side for many hundred of year.

These separatists have taken acts such as assassinating Buddhist monks and launching terrorist attacks both on the non-Muslim and Muslim portion of the population. The Thai government "before the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra " had taken a long but proofed successive diplomatic step dealing with the insurgency for over 15 years, but soon after Thaksin Shinawatra took power in 2001, he withdrew most of the government organization which working closely with the local Thai-Muslim for many years out of the area, and declare that the war between Thailand and the separatist groups had ended. Within the same year (2001) the new wave of attract began. Thai government under prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra mainly using only military action against these terrorists attacks, and have been frequently criticized by Thais, Thai-Muslims and the Thai-Media as being heavy-handed. The dramatic increase in violence in the region under the government of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra was one of the stated reasons behind the military coup that overthrew him in 2006.