Passover Seder
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The Passover Seder (Hebrew: סֵדֶר, seðɛɾ, "order", "arrangement") is a special Jewish ritual which takes place on the first evening of the Jewish holiday of Passover (the 15th day of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar) in Israel, and on the first and second evenings of Passover (the 15th and 16th days of Nisan) in the Jewish diaspora. In 2007, these dates correspond to Monday night April 2 and Tuesday night April 3 in the modern Gregorian calendar. Incorporating the holiday meal, the Seder relives the enslavement and subsequent Exodus of the Children of Israel from Ancient Egypt through the words of the Haggadah, the drinking of Four Cups of Wine, the eating of matzot, and the eating of and reference to symbolic foods placed on the Passover Seder Plate.
The Seder is considered an integral aspect of Jewish faith and identity. As the Haggadah—which contains the complete Seder service—explains, without the Exodus, the Jews would still be slaves to the Egyptian Pharaoh and would never have realized their role as a nation. Therefore this is an occasion for much praise and thanksgiving to God. It is considered a mitzvah (commandment) to embellish one's retelling of the Exodus on this night. Often the Seder lasts into the early hours of the morning of the next day, as participants continue to learn Torah and talk about the events of the night and sing special Passover songs included in the Haggadah.
Unlike other public holiday observances that are traditionally held in the synagogue, the Seder is specifically designed to be conducted by a family at home, with or without guests. (However, the Seder may also be conducted by any group of people, including synagogue members, hotel guests, singles, students and travelers—see below, "Public Seders".) This focus is derived from the opening words of the Torah verse which is the source for the mitzvah of retelling the Exodus from Egypt: Vehigadta levincha' bayom hahu leymor ba'avur zeh asah Adonay li betzeysi miMitzrayim - "And you shall tell it to your son on that day, saying, 'Because of this God did for me when He took me out of Egypt'" (Exodus 13:8). The words and rituals of the Seder are a primary vehicle for the transmission of the Jewish faith from parent to child, and from one generation to the next.
[edit] Set-up
The Seder table is traditionally set with the finest place settings and silverware, in recognition of the importance of this evening. For the first half of the Seder, each participant will only need a plate and a cup or glass to hold each of the four cups of wine that are drunk at designated intervals. Near the place setting of the leader of the Seder lies a Passover Seder Plate containing various symbolic foods that will be eaten or referred to during the course of the meal; a plate of three matzot; and salt water for dipping.
Each participant receives a copy of the Haggadah, an ancient text that contains the complete Seder service. Men and women are equally obligated and eligible to participate in the Seder. In many homes, each participant at the Seder table will recite at least critical parts of the Haggadah in the original Hebrew and Aramaic. Halakhah requires that certain parts be said in language the participants can understand, and critical parts are often said in both Hebrew and the native language. Parts that must be said in the native language often appear in Aramaic, the native language of the Haggadah's authors[citation needed]. The leader will often interrupt the reading to discuss different points with his or her children, or to offer a Torah insight into the meaning or interpretation of the words.
In other homes, participants take turns reciting the paragraphs of the Haggadah, and may use a translation to better understand the text.
The participants at the Seder table are seated comfortably. (According to the Halakha, men and boys over the age of bar mitzvah must lean to the left on a pillow when they drink one of the four cups of wine or eat the matzo or 'afikoman'. They do not lean while eating the maror. There are varying customs on whether to lean while eating the karpas.)[citation needed]
[edit] Themes of the Seder
[edit] Slavery and freedom
The rituals and symbolic foods associated with the Seder evoke the twin themes of the evening: slavery and freedom. At the beginning of the night of the 15th of Nisan in Ancient Egypt, the Jewish people were enslaved to Pharaoh. After the Plagues of Tenth Plague struck Egypt at midnight, killing all the first-born sons in the land, Pharaoh and the Egyptian people chased the Jews out, effectively making them freedmen for the second half of the night.
Thus, Seder participants recall the slavery that reigned during the first half of the night by eating matzo (the "poor man's bread"), maror (bitter herbs which symbolize the bitterness of slavery), and charoset (a sweet paste representing the mortar which the Jewish slaves used to cement bricks ). Recalling the freedom of the second half of the night, they eat the matzo (the "bread of freedom") and 'afikoman', and drink the four cups of wine, in a reclining position, and dip vegetables into salt water (the dipping being a sign of royalty and freedom, while the salt water recalls the tears the Jews shed during their servitude).
[edit] The Four Cups
There is an obligation to drink four cups of wine (or pure grape juice) during the Seder. This applies to both men and women. The Mishnah says (Pes. 10:1) that even the poorest man in Israel has an obligation to drink. Each cup is connected to a different part of the Seder. The first is for Kiddush (קידוש), the second is for 'Magid' (מגיד), the third is for Birkat Hamazon (ברכת המזון) and the fourth is for Hallel (הלל).
The Four Cups represent the four expressions of deliverance promised by God |Exodus|6:6-7|: "I will bring out," "I will deliver," "I will redeem," and "I will take."
The Vilna Gaon relates the Four Cups to four worlds: this world, the Messiah|Messianic age, the world at the revival of the dead, and the world to come. The Maharal connects them to the four Matriarchs, Sarah, Rebeccah, Rachel, and Leah. (The three matzo|matzot, in turn, are connected to the three Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac], and Jacob.) The Abarbanel relates the cups to the four historical redemptions of the Jewish people: the choosing of Abraham, the Exodus from Egypt, the survival of the Jewish people throughout the exile, and the fourth which will happen at the end of days.
[edit] Seder Plate
The Passover Seder Plate (ke'ara) is a special plate containing six symbolic foods used during the Passover Seder. Each of the six items arranged on the plate have special significance to the retelling of the story of the Exodus from Egypt. The seventh symbolic item used during the meal—a stack of three matzot—is placed on its own plate on the Seder table.
The six items on the Seder Plate are:
- Maror and Chazeret; Two types of bitter herbs, symbolizing the bitterness and harshness of the slavery which the Jews endured in Ancient Egypt. For maror, many people use freshly grated horseradish or whole horseradish root. Chazeret is typically romaine lettuce, whose roots are bitter-tasting. Either the horseradish or romaine lettuce may be eaten in fulfillment of the mitzvah of eating bitter herbs during the Seder.
- Charoset; A sweet, brown, pebbly mixture, representing the mortar used by the Jewish slaves to build the storehouses of Egypt.
- Karpas; A vegetable other than bitter herbs, such as celery or cooked potato, which is dipped into salt water (Ashkenazi custom), vinegar (Sephardi custom) or charoset (older custom, still common amongst Yemenite Jews) at the beginning of the Seder.
- Z'roa; A roasted shank bone, symbolizing the korban Pesach (Pesach sacrifice), which was a lamb offered in the Temple in Jerusalem and was then roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder night.
- Beitzah; A roasted egg, symbolizing the korban chagigah (festival sacrifice) that was offered in the Temple in Jerusalem and was then roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder night.
[edit] Focus on the children
Since the retelling of the Exodus to one's child is the object of the Seder experience, much effort is made to arouse the interest and curiosity of the children and keep them awake during the meal. To that end, questions and answers are a central device in the Seder ritual. By encouraging children to ask questions, they will be more open to hearing the answers.
The most famous question which the youngest child asks at the Seder is the Mah Nishtanah - "Why is this night different from all other nights?" After the asking of these questions, the main portion of the Seder, Magid, gives over the answers in the form of a historical review. Also, at different points in the Seder, the leader of the Seder will cover the matzot and lift his cup of wine; then put down the cup of wine and uncover the matzot—all to elicit questions from the children.
In Sephardic tradition, the questions are put to the leader of the seder, who either answers the question or may direct the attention of the assembled company to someone who is acting out that particular part of the Exodus. Physical re-enactment of the Exodus during the Passover seder is common in many families and communities, especially amongst Sephardim.[citation needed]
Families will follow the Haggadah's lead by asking their own questions at various points in the Haggadah and offering prizes such as nuts and candies for correct answers. The afikoman, which is hidden away for the "dessert" after the meal, is another device used to encourage children's participation. In some families, the leader of the Seder hides the afikoman and the children must find it, whereupon they receive a prize or reward. In other homes, the children hide the afikoman and the parent must look for it; when he gives up, the children demand a prize for revealing its location.
[edit] Order of the Seder
[edit] Kadeish (blessings and the first cup of wine)
Kadeish is Hebrew Imperative for Kiddush. This Kiddush is a special one for Passover, it refers to matzo and the Exodus from Egypt. Acting in a way that shows freedom and majesty, most Jews have the custom of filling each other's cups at the Seder table. The Kiddush is normally said by the father of the house.
[edit] Ur'chatz (wash hands)
In traditional Jewish homes, it is common to ritually wash the hands before a meal. No blessing is recited at this point in the Seder, unlike the blessing recited over the washing of the hands before eating bread at any other time. Some customs hold that only the head of the household washes his hands at this point.
[edit] Karpas (appetizer)
Each participant dips a vegetable into either salt water (Ashkenazi custom; said to serve as a reminder of the tears shed by their enslaved ancestors), vinegar (Sephardi custom) or charoset (older Sephardi custom; still commonly done by Yemenite Jews and some ordinary ones). Another custom mentioned in some Ashkenazi sources and probably originating with Meir of Rothenburg[citation needed], was to dip the karpas in wine.
[edit] Yachatz (breaking of the middle matzah)
The middle of the three matzot on the Seder Plate is broken in two. The larger half is hidden, to be used later as the afikoman, the "dessert" after the meal. The smaller half is returned to its place between the other two matzos.
[edit] Magid (The telling)
The story of Passover, and the change from slavery to freedom is told.
[edit] Ha Lachma Anya (invitation to the Seder)
The matzot are uncovered, and referred to as the "bread of affliction". Participants declare (in Aramaic) an invitation to all who are hungry or needy to join in the Seder. Halakha requires that this invitation be repeated in the native language of the country (e.g. English).
[edit] Mah Nishtanah (The Four Questions)
It is customary for the youngest child to recite the Four Questions, and for the other participants to recite them quietly to themselves. Tradition holds that the questions are first asked by the youngest child who is able to do so. In some families, this means that the requirement remains on an adult "child" until a grandchild of the family receives sufficient Jewish education to take on the responsibility.
Ashkenazi version: Ma nishtanna hallayla hazze mikkol halleilot?
Why is this night different from all other nights?
- Shebbekhol halleilot anu okh’lin ḥameits umatsa? Hallayla hazze, kullo matsa.
Why is it that on all other nights during the year we eat either bread or matzo, but on this night we eat only matzo? - Shebbekhol halleilot anu okh’lin she’ar yerakot? Hallayla hazze, maror.
Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs, but on this night we eat bitter herbs? - Shebbekhol halleilot ein anu matbillin afilu pa‘am aḥat? Hallayla hazze, shtei fe‘amim.
Why is it that on all other nights we do not dip our herbs even once, but on this night we dip them twice? - Shebbekhol halleilot anu okh’lin bein yosh’vin uvein mesubbin? Hallayla hazze, kullanu mesubbin.
Why is it that on all other nights we sit straight or leaning, but on this night we are all seated leaning?
[edit] The Four Sons
The Haggadah speaks of "four sons"—one who is wise, one who is wicked, one who is simple, and one who does not know to ask. Each of these sons phrase the question, "What is the meaning of this service?" in different ways. The Haggadah recommends answering each son according to his question, using one of the three verses in the Torah that refer to this father-son exchange.
The wise son, who inquires at length of the service, should be answered with the complete set of customs of the service. The wicked son, who asks his father, "What is this service to you?", isolates himself from the Jewish people. Therefore, he is rebuked by the explanation that "It is because God acted for my sake when I left Egypt." The simple son, who asks, "What is this?" is answered with "With a strong hand the Almighty led us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage." And the one who does not know to ask is told, "It is because of what the Almighty did for me when I left Egypt."
[edit] "Go and learn"
Four verses in Deuteronomy (26:5-8) are then expounded, with an elaborate, traditional commentary. ("5. And thou shalt speak and say before the Lord thy God: 'A wandering Aramean was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there, few in number; and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous. 6. And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage. 7. And we cried unto the Lord, the God of our fathers, and the Lord heard our voice, and saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression. 8 And the Lord brought us forth out of Egypt with a strong hand and an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders.")
The Haggadah explores the meaning of those verses, and embellishes the story. This telling describes the slavery of the Jewish people and their miraculous salvation by God. This culminates in an enumeration of the Ten Plagues:
- Dam (blood)—All the water was changed to blood
- Tzefardeyah (frogs)—An infestation of frogs sprang up in Egypt
- Kinim (lice)—The Egyptians were afflicted by lice
- Arov (wild animals)—An infestation of wild animals (some say flies) sprang up in Egypt
- Dever (pestilence)—A plague killed off the Egyptian livestock
- Sh'chin (boils)—An epidemic of boils afflicted the Egyptians
- Barad (hail)—Hail rained from the sky
- Arbeh (locusts)—Locusts swarmed over Egypt
- Choshech (darkness)—Egypt was covered in darkness
- Makkat Bechorot (killing of the first-born)—All the first-born sons of the Egyptians were slain by God
With the recital of the Ten Plagues, each participant removes a drop of wine from his or her cup using a fingertip. Although this night is one of salvation, the Sages explain that one cannot be completely joyous when some of God's creatures had to suffer. A mnemonic acronym for the plagues is also introduced: "D'tzach Adash B'achav", while similarly spilling a drop of wine for each word.
At this part in the Seder, songs of praise are sung, including the song Dayeinu, which proclaims that had God performed any single one of the many deeds performed for the Jewish people, it would have been enough to obligate us to give thanks to Him.
[edit] Kos Sheini (Second Cup of Wine)
Magid concludes with the drinking of the Second Cup of Wine.
[edit] Rachtzah (ritual washing of hands)
The ritual hand-washing is repeated, this time with the traditional blessing before breaking bread.
[edit] Motzi Matzo (blessings over the matzo)
Lifting all three matzot, we recite the regular blessing for bread, then release the bottom matzo and recite the special blessing for the mitzvah of matzo. We then eat a portion of matzo from the top two matzot while leaning. (We can add more from other matzot as necessary for all the people at the table but we leave the third matzah for the Korech.)
The size of this portion of matzo should be no less than one half of a hand matzo or two-thirds of a machine matzo. Ideally it should be eaten within two minutes and not more than eighteen minutes.
In the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, a third blessing would be said at this time, asher kidishanu b'mitzvotov v'tzivanu l'echol et hazevach (who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to eat the Paschal sacrifice.)
[edit] Maror (bitter herb)
Bitter herbs are dipped into charoset, then the charoset is shaken off and the maror is eaten as a symbol of former slavery.
[edit] Koreich (sandwich)
The matzo and maror are combined, similar to a sandwich, and eaten. This follows the tradition of Hillel, who did the same at his Seder table 2000 years ago (except that in Hillel's day the Paschal sacrifice, matzo, and maror were eaten together.)
[edit] Shulchan Orech (the meal [literally, "set table"])
The festive meal is eaten.
[edit] Tzafun (eating of the afikoman)
The afikoman, which was hidden earlier in the Seder, is the last morsel of food eaten by participants in the Seder.
Each participant receives an olive-sized portion of matzo to be eaten as afikoman. If there are many participants at the table, the leader of the Seder will supplement pieces of the original afikoman with other pieces of matzo to complete the required amount.
After the consumption of the afikoman, no other food may be eaten for the rest of the night. Additionally, no intoxicating beverages may be consumed, with the exception of the remaining two cups of wine.
[edit] Bareich (Grace after Meals)
The recital of Birkat Hamazon.
[edit] Kos Shlishi (the Third Cup of Wine)
The drinking of the Third Cup of Wine.
Note: The Third Cup is customarily poured before the Grace after Meals is recited because the Third Cup also serves as a Cup of Blessing associated with the Grace after Meals on special occasions.
[edit] Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi (cup of Elijah the Prophet)
In many traditions, the front door of the house is opened at this point. Psalms 79:6-7 is recited in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi traditions, plus Lamentations 3:66 among Ashkenazim.
Most Ashkenazim have the custom to fill a fifth cup at this point. This cup is traditionally called the Kos shel Eliyahu ("Cup of Elijah"). Traditionally, Elijah the Prophet visits each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the Jewish Messiah. The Passover Seder is traditionally connected with the Messianic age.
[edit] Hallel (songs of praise)
The entire order of Hallel which is usually recited in the synagogue on Jewish holidays is also recited at the Seder table, albeit sitting down. In addition, the Nishmat, a portion of the morning service for Shabbat and festivals, is traditionally recited. Afterwards the Fourth Cup of Wine is drunk and a brief Grace for the "fruit of the vine" is said.
[edit] Nirtzah
The Seder concludes with a prayer that the night's service be accepted. A hope for the Messiah is expressed: "L'shanah haba'ah b'Yerushalayim! - Next year in Jerusalem!"
Although the 15 orders of the Seder have been complete, the Haggadah concludes with additional songs which further recount the miracles that occurred on this night in Ancient Egypt as well as throughout history. Some songs express a prayer that the Beit Hamikdash will soon be rebuilt. The last song to be sung is Chad Gadya ("One Kid Goat"). This seemingly childish song about different animals and people who attempted to punish others for their crimes and were in turn punished themselves, was interpreted by the Vilna Gaon as an allegory to the retribution God will levy over the enemies of the Jewish people at the end of days.
Following the Seder, those who are still awake may recite the Song of Songs, engage in Torah learning, or continue talking about the events of the Exodus until sleep overtakes them.
[edit] Public Seders
The group of people who hold a Passover Seder together is referred to in the Talmud (tractate Pesachim) as a chavurah (group). This definition is most apt today in view of the large, public Seders that are conducted around the world. In the Far East, for example, Chabad-Lubavitch emissaries regularly conduct Seders for hundreds of visiting students, businesspeople and Jewish travelers. The Chabad Seder in Katmandu regularly attracts more than 1,200 participants[1]. In 2006, the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS and Baltic Countries organized over 500 public Seders throughout the Former Soviet Union, led by local rabbis and Chabad rabbinical students, drawing more than 150,000 attendees in total[2].
In Israel, where permanent residents only observe one Seder, overseas students learning in yeshivas and women's seminaries are often invited in groups up to 100 for "second-day Seders" hosted by outreach organizations and private individuals.
[edit] Non-Jewish Seders
Many Christians, and Evangelical protestants in particular, have recently taken great interest in performing seders with the ancient rubric, but a Christian message. Many Christians cite to the meal as a way to connect with the heritage of their own religion and to see how the practices of the ancient world are still relevant to Christianity today.[3]. Catholics view many elements of the mass as having historically arisen out of Jesus' Last Supper which, according to the synoptics, was a seder. As such, Catholics see the mass itself as having been first celebrated by Christ in a seder setting. All these food have certain meanings on the story of passover.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Passover Seder Explained by Eli Ha-Levi, BA, M.L.I.S.
- A guide to the Seder chabad.org
- Meta-questions for Discussion at the Passover Seder from a Conservative viewpoint
- Haggadah and Seder insights Ohr Somayach
- International Seder Directory - Find a Local Passover Seder
- The Seder Plate of the Maharal from The Maharal Haggadah by Shlomo Mallin
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