Partisan (military)
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A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation. The term can apply to the field element of resistance movements that opposed German rule several countries during World War II, or those who after the war fought the Soviet Union's Communist rule in eastern Europe.
The term "partisan" was first used in Johann von Ewald's "Treatise on Partisan Warfare" (1789). Von Ewald was a veteran of the Hessian forces that fought in the American Revolutionary War, and faced what would be called "irregular" warfare in the 19th and 20th centuries. The initial concept of partisan warfare was the use of trained adjuncts to regular forces that would operate behind enemy lines to disrupt communications, raid logistical stockpiles, and draw enemy forces from the front lines. It was this concept of partisan warfare that would later form the basis of the "partisan rangers" of the American Civil War. In that conflict, Confederate partisan leaders, such as John S. Mosby, operated along the lines described by Von Ewald (and later by both Jomini and Clausewitz). In essence, 19th century American partisans were closer to Commando or Ranger forces raised during World War II than the "partisan" forces operating in occupied Europe.
Partisans in the mid-19th century were substantially different from raiding cavalry, or from unorganized/semi-organized guerrilla forces. The Russian partisans played a crucial part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads compelled the French emperor to flee Russia in 1812.
It was during World War II that the current definition of "partisan" became the dominant one--focusing on irregular forces in opposition to an attacking or occupying power. Soviet partisans, especially those active in Belarus, were able to effectively harass German troops and significantly hamper their operations in the region. As a result, Soviet authority was re-established deep inside the German held territories. There were even partisan kolkhozes that were raising crops and livestock to produce food for the partisans. The communist Yugoslav partisans were a leading force in the liberation of their country in 1944. In addition, Germany was planing to set up a National Redoubt in the Austrian Tyrol and German Alps, but the plans were to late and were not carried out in the end.
While an occupier or attacker may call partisans "guerrillas" or "terrorists," the fact is that, unlike terrorists, partisans are still legally considered uniformed members of a nation's armed forces, who fight to liberate their nation from an external attacker (in contrast to the use of the term "guerrillas," which is usually reserved for internal insurgencies, where the government (occupying or legitimate) is being attacked from inside). Prime examples of the term "guerrillas" would be the pro-communist Viet Cong, the PLO of Palestine, and the People's Liberation Armed Forces PLA of the Vietnam War, who battled the colonial French regime and later the US-backed Republic of Vietnam.[citation needed]
