Pangasinan language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pangasinán | ||
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Spoken in: | Philippines | |
Region: | Central Luzon | |
Total speakers: | 1.54 million | |
Language family: | Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Borneo-Philippines Northern Luzon South Cordilleran Pangasinán |
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Language codes | ||
ISO 639-1: | none | |
ISO 639-2: | pag | |
ISO 639-3: | pag | |
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. |
The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: idioma pangasinense) belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is spoken by more than two million Pangasinan people in the province of Pangasinan, in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by a significant number of Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinan is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the dominant language in central Pangasinan.
The Pangasinan language is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines. The total population of the province of Pangasinan is 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census). The estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in Pangasinan is 1.5 million.
Panggalatok is a slang term of Pangasinan of doubtful etymology mistakenly used by non-Pangasinans to refer to the Pangasinan language or its native speakers.
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[edit] Classification
The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. The Pangasinan language is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:
- Pangasinan
- Ibaloi
- Karao
- I-wak
- Kalanguya
- Keley-I
- Kallahan
- Kayapa
- Kallahan
- Tinoc
The Pangasinic languages are spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.
Pangasinan is an agglutinative language. Linguistics studies suggest some Pangasinan word correspondences with the ancient Sumerian language[verification needed], the first known written language. The Sumerian language, which was spoken in the ancient land of Sumer in southern Mesopotamia, is also an agglutinative language like Pangasinan.
[edit] Distribution
Pangasinan is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Benguet, and by a significant number of Pangasinan immigrants in the United States.
[edit] History
Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language are descended from these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Africa about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.
The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in the Pangasinan language. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.
[edit] Grammar
[edit] Sentence Structure
Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan language has a Verb–Subject–Object word order.
[edit] Pronouns
Absolutive Independent | Absolutive Enclitic | Ergative | Oblique | |
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1st person singular | siák | ak | -k(o) | ed siak |
1st person dual | sikatá | ita, ta | -ta | ed sikata |
2nd person singular | siká | ka | -m(o) | ed sika |
3rd person singular | sikató | - , -a | to | ed sikato |
1st person plural inclusive | sikatayó | itayo, tayo | -tayo | ed sikatayo |
1st person plural exclusive | sikamí | kamí | mi | ed sikami |
2nd person plural | sikayó | kayó | yo | ed sikayo |
3rd person plural | sikara | ira, ra | da | ed sikara |
[edit] Numbers
The following lists the numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog, and Pangasinan.
English | Tagalog | Pangasinan |
---|---|---|
one | isa | sakey, isa |
two | dalawa | duara, dua |
three | tatlo | talora, talo |
four | apat | apatira, apat |
five | lima | limara, lima |
six | anim | anemira, anem |
seven | pito | pitora, pito |
eight | walo | walora, walo |
nine | siyam | siamira, siam |
ten | sampu | samplura, samplu |
[edit] Phonology
Asi has sixteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are four vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone.
[edit] Orthography
- See also: Filipino orthography
Pangasinan already had a writing system before the arrival of Europeans in 1571. The ancient Pangasinan script is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script and the Javanese Kavi script of Indonesia; it was probably influenced by the Brahmi script and Tamil script of ancient India.
The Latin alphabet was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.
[edit] Pangasinan Literature
Only a few Pangasinan journalists, newspaper columnists, authors, and poets continue to write or publish their works in Pangasinan. Many of the older books about Pangasinan or written in Pangasinan are now out-of-print or of limited availability. Today, not many new books, newspapers or magazines are being published in Pangasinan. However, many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.
Most Pangasinans are now multilingual. Many Pangasinans have become proficient in Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines; English, a global language; and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Some Pangasinans are organizing to encourage the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan.
[edit] Sample: Malinak lay Labi (a Pangasinan folksong)
Malinak lay Labi
The night is late
Oras la’y mareen
The hour is peaceful
Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew
Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Right away I awake
Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love
Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When I see you
Napunas lan amin
All wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear
No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Your sweet kindness
Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Till life is gone[1]
[edit] Dictionaries and further reading
The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:
- Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
- Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
- Kabunyan Palaganas. A Pangasinense "mansya kayo'd siyak, taga Pangasinan ak met"
- Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
- Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
- Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
- Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
- Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
- Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
- Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
- Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
- Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
- Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
- Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
- Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
- Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
- Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus" are included.
A favorite traditional folk song of Pangasinan is Malinak Lay Labi, which is translated "Calm is the Night." An English translation of this song can be found in the Internet along with some Pangasinan poems and literature.
[edit] References
[edit] See also
- Pangasinan
- Languages of the Philippines
- Tagalog language
- Filipino
- Ilokano language
- Cebuano language
- Kapampangan language
- Chabacano
- Malayo-Polynesian
- Sumerian language
- Swadesh list