Pandigital number

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In mathematics, a pandigital number is an integer that in a given base has among its significant digits each digit used in the base at least once. For example, 1223334444555567890 is a pandigital number in base 10. The first few pandigital base 10 numbers are given by (sequence A050278 in OEIS):

1023456789, 1023456798, 1023456879, 1023456897, 1023456978, 1023456987, 1023457689

The smallest pandigital number in a given base b is an integer of the form

b^{b - 1} + \sum_{d = 2}^{b - 1} db^{(b - 1) - d}

The following table lists the smallest pandigital numbers of a few selected bases:

Base Smallest pandigital Values in base 10
2 10 2
3 102 11
4 1023 75
10 1023456789 1023456789
16 1023456789ABCDEF 1162849439785405935

A049363 gives the base 10 values for the first 18 bases.

In a trivial sense, all positive integers are pandigital in unary (or tallying). In binary, all integers are pandigital with the exception of 0 and numbers of the form 2n − 1 (the Mersenne numbers). The larger the base, the rarer pandigital numbers become, though one can always find runs of bx consecutive pandigital numbers with redundant digits by writing all the digits of the base together (but not putting the zero first as the most significant digit) and adding x + 1 zeroes at the end as least significant digits.

Conversely, the smaller the base, the fewer pandigital numbers without redundant digits there are. 2 is the only such pandigital number in base 2, while there are more of these in base 10.

Sometimes, the term is used to refer only to pandigital numbers with no redundant digits. And in some cases, a number might be called pandigital even if it doesn't have a zero as a significant digit, for example, 923456781 (these are sometimes referred to as "zeroless pandigital numbers").

No base 10 pandigital number can be a prime number if it doesn't have redundant digits. The sum of the digits 0 to 9 is 45, passing the test for divisibility for both 3 and 9. The first base 10 pandigital prime is 10123457689; A050288 lists more.

For different reasons, redundant digits are also required for a pandigital number (in any base except unary) to also be a palindromic number in that base. The smallest pandigital palindromic number in base 10 is 12345678987654321.

The largest pandigital number without redundant digits to be also a square number is 9814072356.

Currently, two zeroless pandigital Friedman numbers are known: 123456789 = ((86 + 2 * 7)5 - 91) / 34, and 987654521 = (8 * (97 + 6/2)5 + 1) / 34.

While much of what has been said does not apply to Roman numerals, there are pandigital numbers: MCDXLIV, MCDXLVI, MCDLXIV, MCDLXVI, MDCXLIV, MDCXLVI, MDCLXIV, MDCLXVI. These, listed in A105416, use each of the digits just once, while A105417 has pandigital Roman numerals with repeats.

Pandigital numbers are useful in fiction and in advertising. The Social Security Number 987-65-4321 is a zeroless pandigital number reserved for use in advertising. Some credit card companies use pandigital numbers with redundant digits as fictitious credit card numbers (while others use strings of zeroes).

[edit] Examples of pandigital numbers

  • 123456789 = The first zeroless pandigital number.
  • 987654321 = The largest zeroless pandigital number without redundant digits.
  • 1023456789 = The first pandigital number.
  • 1234567890 = The first pandigital number with the digits in order.
  • 9876543210 = The largest pandigital number without redundant digits.
  • 12345678987654321 = A pandigital number with all the digits except zero in both ascending and descending order. It is the square of 111111111.
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