Palaeosaurus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Palaeosaurus is a name that has been given to several very different species of prehistoric animals, over the course of almost 200 years, all poorly-known or poorly-preserved. Further confusing the matter, the name has been spelled both Palaeosaurus and Paleosaurus, even by the same authors. The repetition of this name is most likely due to lack of communication among 19th century scientists around the world. It may also arise because the name simply translates as 'ancient lizard' (Greek palaios/παλαιοσ meaning 'ancient' and sauros/σαυρος meaning 'lizard'), which could be considered an appropriate name for any fossil reptile.
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Timeline: 1833 - 1836 - 1840 - 1842 - 1847 - 1870 - 1878 - 1881 - 1902 1908 - 1914 - 1932 - 1940s - 1959 - 1961 - 1964 - 1973 - 2000 - 2004 Effect on paleontology - External links |
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[edit] Species List
- Palaeosaurus (no species named) - a teleosaurid crocodile
- "Palaeosaurus" cylindrodon - an indeterminate archosaur
- "Palaeosaurus" platyodon - an indeterminate phytosaur
- "Palaeosaurus" sternbergii - an indeterminate reptile
- "Palaeosaurus" fraserianus - a possible sauropodomorph
- "Palaeosaurus" stricklandi - an indeterminate phytosaur
- "Palaeosaurus" subcylindrodon - a possible dinosauromorph
- "Palaeosaurus" diagnosticus - a prosauropod dinosaur; synonym of Efraasia
[edit] Timeline
[edit] 1833
Palaeosaurus is first named as a genus by French scientist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. No species is named, but this genus, found in Germany, is now considered a junior synonym of the Jurassic sea-going teleosaurid crocodile Aeolodon.
[edit] 1836
Two British scientists, Dr. Henry Riley and Samuel Stutchbury, briefly and informally publish on two new fossil teeth found in or near the city of Bristol, England, which they call Palaeosaurus cylindricum and P. platyodon. Riley and Stutchbury did not mean to assign these species to Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire's genus; they simply did not know the name had been used. Thecodontosaurus is also named in this publication.
[edit] 1840
- German paleontologist Leopold Joseph Fitzinger independently creates the name Palaeosaurus for a third time, describing a fossil reptile skeleton from the Permian as Palaeosaurus sternbergii. Fitzinger most likely did not know of the original usage either.
- Riley and Stutchbury more fully describe their two species of Palaeosaurus, each based on a single sharp tooth from the Late Triassic Period. The spellings are corrected to read Paleosaurus cylindrodon and Paleosaurus polyodon.
[edit] 1842
Sir Richard Owen creates the name Dinosauria. In the same publication, he attempts to redescribe Riley and Stutchbury's Paleosaurus and Thecodontosaurus, which he does not consider to be dinosaurs. Inadvertently, he changes the spelling back to Palaeosaurus, and this spelling is predominantly used from here on. Owen assigns other bones to Palaeosaurus, causing much confusion later, as these bones actually belong to the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus.
[edit] 1847
Hermann von Meyer recognizes the original 1833 usage of Palaeosaurus and moves P. sternbergii to a new genus, Sphenosaurus. This animal is very poorly known, but is most likely some sort of primitive reptile.
[edit] 1870
Thomas Henry Huxley describes both Thecodontosaurus and Palaeosaurus as dinosaurs for the first time. He considers Palaeosaurus platyodon to be equivalent to Thecodontosaurus antiquus, most likely due to the Thecodontosaurus bones that had been assigned to it by Owen. However, Huxley regards P. cylindrodon as a carnivorous theropod.
[edit] 1878
American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope names the species Palaeosaurus fraserianus for an isolated tooth found in Triassic rocks in Pennsylvania. Cope's intent is not to establish a new genus but simply a new species within the Palaeosaurus of Riley and Stutchbury. This tooth may be an indeterminate sauropodomorph.
[edit] 1881
Yet another species is created, Palaeosaurus stricklandi, for some teeth which probably belong to a phytosaur.
[edit] 1902
Friedrich von Huene, a German paleontologist, creates the new phytosaur genus Rileya for a humerus (upper arm bone) and two vertebrae found in the same location as Palaeosaurus cylindrodon, P. platyodon, and Thecodontosaurus antiquus.
[edit] 1908
- Von Huene recognizes the tooth of Palaeosaurus platyodon as a phytosaur and places it into the genus Rileya, forming the new combination Rileya platyodon.
- In a separate paper, von Huene names Thecodontosaurus subcylindrodon, sometimes called Palaeosaurus subcylindrodon by later authors, which definitely does not belong to Thecodontosaurus and is probably not even a dinosaur. He also describes the prosauropod Sellosaurus and creates the name Teratosaurus minor, for a specimen which later turns out to be a paleontological chimera, a combination of prosauropod remains and sharp non-dinosaurian teeth.
[edit] 1914
Von Huene recognizes that the type species of Rileya (R. bristolensis) is also a chimera, consisting of two vertebrae from Thecodontosaurus and a phytosaur humerus.
[edit] 1932
Von Huene describes numerous prosauropod bones found in Germany. By this time Palaeosaurus cylindrodon has been recognized as a prosauropod because of the prosauropod bones assigned to it by Owen. Von Huene therefore refers his new species to Palaeosaurus, creating the name P. diagnosticus.
[edit] 1940s
The holotype tooth of P. cylindrodon is destroyed during World War II.
[edit] 1959
Another German paleontologist, Oskar Kuhn, finally recognizes that the genus Palaeosaurus created by Riley and Stutchbury in 1836 is preoccupied and creates the new generic name Palaeosauriscus to contain Palaeosaurus cylindrodon and several of the other species that had been incorrectly assigned to Palaeosaurus.
[edit] 1961
Kuhn creates the new name Rileyasuchus to replace von Huene's Rileya, which is also found to be preoccupied.
[edit] 1964
Because of the mistaken association of prosauropod remains with carnivorous teeth, American Edwin Harris Colbert classifies prosauropods into two groups. Palaeosauria included Palaeosaurus and Teratosaurus, which were thought to be carnivorous. Thecodontosaurus and Plateosaurus, which had been found with the correct skulls, were included in Plateosauria, which was described as a herbivorous group.
[edit] 1973
Peter Galton, a British paleontologist, moves the species Palaeosaurus diagnosticus into its own genus, creating the new combination Efraasia diagnostica. For several decades, most scientists consider Efraasia a junior synonym of Sellosaurus, however.
[edit] 2000
Thecodontosaurus is redescribed by a team of paleontologists led by Michael Benton. Most of the skeletal bones ever assigned to Palaeosaurus cylindrodon and P. platyodon are reassigned to Thecodontosaurus. The genera Rileyasuchus and Palaeosauriscus, as well as the species Palaeosaurus cylindrodon and Palaeosaurus platyodon are all declared nomina dubia.
[edit] 2004
Adam Yates, another British palaeontologist, redescribes the bones assigned to Sellosaurus. He resurrects the genus Efraasia for some of these bones, to which he assigns the bones that had been described as Teratosaurus minor as well, although not the teeth, which are non-dinosaurian. Like Galton in 1973, Yates' Efraasia also includes the remains previously known as Palaeosaurus diagnosticus, although unlike Galton, Yates calls the species Efraasia minor because von Huene described Teratosaurus minor several pages before Palaeosaurus diagnosticus in his 1908 publication. The name minor therefore takes precedence over diagnostica for this species.
[edit] Effect on paleontology
The confusion surrounding Palaeosaurus extends well beyond nomenclature. Richard Owen's mistake of associating prosauropod skeletal remains with the carnivorous teeth which Riley and Stutchbury called Palaeosaurus, combined with von Huene's Teratosaurus minor, which was also a combination of carnivore and prosauropod remains, led paleontologists to view prosauropods as carnivorous animals for quite a long time. This error made it into several textbooks and other dinosaur reference works.
[edit] External links
- The story of Palaeosaurus and Thecodontosaurus from The Bristol Dinosaur Project
- A series of posts to the Dinosaur Mailing List by George Olshevsky, regarding the history of Palaeosaurus: 1 2 3 4
