Ostinato
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In music, an ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn", compare English: obstinate) is a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a rhythmic pattern, part of a tune, or a complete melody.[1] Both "ostinatos" and "ostinati" are accepted English plural forms.
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[edit] Characteristics
Strictly speaking, ostinatos feature exact repetition, but in common usage, they cover repetition with variation and development. Musicologist Robert Rawlins defines an ostinato as "any clearly defined melodic or rhythmic pattern that is repeated persistently".[2] In this usage, "pattern" implies recognizable rather than exact recurrence. The general concepts may be applied to quasi-ostinato or ostinato-like techniques lacking rhythmically "symmetrical" or regular repetition, and some have considered the twelve tone technique an extension or specific example of ostinato.[3]
Ostinatos are to classical music what riffs are to popular music. They have a large role in improvised music such as in jazz and Baroque music. A "favorite technique of contemporary jazz writers", ostinatos are often used in modal and Latin jazz, traditional African music including Gnawa music[2] and Boogie-Woogie.[4]
Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are distinguished as "repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes", the more familiar accompanimental melodies, or as purely rhythmic.[3] The technique's appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the seventies "lies in part in the need for unity created by the virtual abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases and define tonality".[3] Similarly in modal music "relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center".[2] Their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though "ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can quickly lead to monotony".[2]
[edit] Ground bass
A ground bass (also basso ostinato: obstinate bass) is a bass part or bassline that repeats continually, as an ostinato, while the melody and possibly harmony over it change. It was developed and used frequently in the Baroque era. An example of this technique is the aria "When I Am Laid" by Henry Purcell, from his opera Dido and Aeneas.
In popular music, many bass guitar riffs can be regarded as a modern version of the ground bass. Two examples are Pink Floyd's "Money" (The Dark Side of The Moon - 1973) and Black Sabbath's "Planet Caravan". In retrospect, one can conclude many repetitive bass patterns in popular music to be considered a ground bass.
In jazz, arguably the two most famous and recognisable ground basses were penned by Miles Davis in his All Blues (from the album Kind of Blue) and by Wayne Shorter in his Footprints (became famous from the album Miles Smiles).
[edit] Music Education
The Orff-Schulwerk approach is built on a style of elemental music created by Carl Orff and Gunild Keetman. This approach makes extensive use of ostinati, in addition to drones (more simplified ostinati that establish the meter and tonal center). Students, beginning quite young, play ostinati, often through body percussion or upon xylophones. These drones and ostinati can then be improvised upon, either vocally, with xylophones, or using a Recorder. The Schulwerk is a very popular approach in music education throughout the world.
[edit] Famous examples
[edit] Popular music
A famous short piece of Ostinato can be found in the theme music to the movie Jaws composed by John Williams. It used the two notes in the bass section of the scale, repeated in various tempos to express the different activities of the killer shark. The two note ostinato is perhaps the most recognisable film music in history.
A useful explaination for younger viewers is that of "The Men in Black" the electric guitar plays a very constant ostinato which really gives more feel to the song.
Another very handy example for understanding the procedure is the famous tune from ABBA, "Take a Chance on Me". In its video, we can see each of the four members in a different corner of the screen; during the verses, Benny and Björn sing repeatedly "take a chance, take a chance, take a, take a chan-chance", while Agnetha and Frida sing the lyrics.
American drummer Terry Bozzio has made extensive use of the ostinato as a drumset technique. Many examples can be heard on his instructional videos Melodic Drumming and the Ostinato Vol. I, II, and III, as well as his CDs Solo Drum Music Vol. I and II.
American Progressive Metal band Symphony X often uses the melody as an Ostinato, while having the bassline act as a moving line.
[edit] Jazz music
Classic examples in jazz, called vamps, include "So What", "A Night in Tunisia", "Take Five", "A Love Supreme", "Maiden Voyage", and "Cantaloupe Island".[2]
[edit] Classical music
Some famous examples of ostinatos are the basso continuo part from Pachelbel's Canon in D and the military 5/4 rhythm in Gustav Holst's "Mars" from The Planets. The ostinato in the Confutatis movement of Mozart's Requiem carries with it the irresistible whispers of the inferno. Other notable examples include Holst's St. Paul's Suite Mvt. II (in which the subdivided second violins play a repeating pattern of eighth notes), the rhythmic pattern in Ravel's Boléro, the second section of Shostakovich's 7th Symphony, Mvt. I (called the "inexorable march", or "an unstoppable machine," and darkly symbolizing the German Army's advance on Russia), and the harmonic pattern in Chopin's Berceuse. In Anton Arensky's Orchestral Suite No.1 in G minor (Op. 7), the Basso Ostinato theme introduced with low brass and contrabasses convey the Theme Russe very elegantly. Wagner's Das Rheingold features prominent ostinatos on the "anvil" leitmotif in its third and fourth scenes, which build to inexorable climaxes. Ostinatos are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring "Introduction" and "Omens of Spring".[1] Composer Chad Twedt has also written 4-movement "ostinato suites" that showcase the ostinato technique.
[edit] History
As a very accessible frame that allows improvisation, the ostinato was heavily used in the Baroque epoch. For about a century and a half (starting around 1770), the technique was almost abandoned. It suddenly revived in the dawn of the 20th century with the development of jazz music[5] and also became "perhaps the most typically twentieth-century accompanimental device" used in classical music, in part because of its neoclassical appeal.[3] By the end of the 1910s, the first records featuring jazz music were released. While most of the performers were not able to notate music, mainly the surviving records prove that early jazz music used a technique similar to ostinato. During the New Orleans era (which ended in the late 1920s), the rhythm section concept crystallized and determined collective improvisation to turn into an "individualised" style, which became a definitive characteristic of the swing style.[6]
[edit] Similar notions (and synonyms)
[edit] References
- ^ a b Kamien, Roger (2003). Music: An Appreciation, p.611. ISBN 0-07-284484-1.
- ^ a b c d e Rawlins, Robert (2005). Jazzology: The Encyclopedia of Jazz Theory for All Musicians, p.132-133. ISBN 0-634-08678-2.
- ^ a b c d *DeLone et al., eds. (1975). Aspects of 20th Century Music, p.123. ISBN 0-13-049346-5.
- ^
- ^ *Popp, Marius (1998). Applicatory Harmony in Jazz, Pop & Rock Improvisation, Introduction. ISBN 973-569-228-7.
- ^ *Berindei, Mihai (1976). Jazz Dictionary.
