Orientalizing Period
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The Orientalizing Period is a cultural and art historical period, informed by the art of Syria and Phoenicia, which started during the later part of the 8th century BCE in Ancient Greece. It encompasses a new, Orientalizing style, spurred by a period of increased cultural interchange in the Aegean world. The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric Style to a style with different sensibilities, which were inspired by the East. The intensity of the cultural interchange during this period is sometimes compared to that of the Late Bronze Age.
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[edit] Background
During this period, the Assyrians advanced along the Mediterranean coast, accompanied by Greek mercenaries who were also active in the armies of Psammeticus in Egypt. The new groups started to compete with established Greek merchants. In other parts of the Aegean world similar population moves occurred. Phoenicians settled in Cyprus and in Western regions of Greece, while Greeks established trading colonies in Al Mina, Syria, and in Ischia. These interchanges led to a period of intensive borrowing and the Greeks adapted the cultural features from the Semitic East into their art. (Burkert 1992:128 et passim).
[edit] New materials and skills
Massive imports of raw materials, including metals, and a new mobility among foreign craftsmen caused new craft skills to be introduced in Greece. In The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, W. Burkert described the new movement in Greek art as a revolution: "With bronze reliefs, textiles, seals, and other products, a whole world of eastern images was opened up which the Greeks were only too eager to adopt and adapt in the course of an "orientalizing revolution" (Burkert 1992:128). Many Greek myths originated in attempts to interpret and integrate foreign icons in terms of Greek cult and practice.
[edit] Impact on myth, literature and pottery
Some Greek myths reflect Mesopotamian literary classics. Burkert (1992:41-88) has argued that it was migrating seers and healers who transmitted their skills in divination and purification ritual along with elements of their mythological wisdom. He has suggested direct literary Eastern influence in the early Greek literature. The intense encounter during the orientalizing period also introduced the Phoenician alphabet in Greece, which caused a spectacular leap in literacy and literary production, as the oral traditions of the epic began to be transcribed into leather scrolls.
In Attic pottery, the distinctive Orientalizing style known as proto-Attic was marked by floral and animal motifs; it was the first time descernibly Greek religious and mythological themes were represented in vase painting. The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette, though their heads were drawn in outline; women were drawn completely in outline.
At the other important center of this period, Corinth, the orientalizing influence started earlier, though the tendency there was to produce smaller highly detailed vases in the so-called proto-Corinthian style which prefigured the black-figure technique.
Cultural predominance of the East soon gave way to thorough Hellenization of imported features in the Archaic Period that followed.
[edit] References
- Payne, H., Protocorinthian Vase-Painting, 1933
- Boardman, J., Early Greek Vase Painting: 11th-6th centuries BC, 1998
- Burkert, W. The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, 1992.
[edit] External links
- The Orientalizing Period in the Etruscan World- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
