Orchard Oriole

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Orchard Oriole

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
Species: I. spurius
Binomial name
Icterus spurius
(Linnaeus, 1766)

The Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius, is a small blackbird, 16 cm long and weighing 20 g.

Adults have a pointed bill and white wing bars. The adult male is chestnut on the underparts, shoulder and rump with black everywhere else. The adult female is olive-green on the upper parts, yellowish on the breast and belly.

Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with deciduous trees across eastern North America south to central Mexico, often near water. The nest is a tightly woven pouch attached to a fork on a horizontal branch. In some parts of their range, they may nest in small colonies.

These birds migrate in flocks for wintering from central Mexico south through Central America to northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. In the Caribbean, they can often be found on the Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

They forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects and feed from flowers. These birds mainly eat insects, berries and nectar; also flower parts.

The spurious in the species name refers to the original false identification of the male as a female Baltimore Oriole. These birds are sometimes mistakenly identified as warblers.

Contents

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Scharf, W. C., and J. Kren. 1996. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius). In The Birds of North America, No. 255 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

[edit] Thesis

  • Enstrom DA. Ph.D. (1990). Investigations of delayed plumage maturation in the orchard oriole. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States -- Illinois.
  • Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States -- Virginia.

[edit] Articles

  • Baker JM, Lopez-Medrano E, Navarro-Siguenza AG, Rojas-Soto OR & Omland KE. (2003). Recent speciation in the Orchard Oriole group: Divergence of Icterus spurius spurius and Icterus spurius fuertesi. Auk. vol 120, no 3. p. 848-859.
  • Beaton G. (1994). Late Orchard Oriole found in Clayton County. Oriole. vol 59, no 1. p. 25-26.
  • Binford LC. (1971). Roadrunner Captures Orchard Oriole in California. California Birds. vol 2, no 4.
  • Bjorklund CF. (1990). Bromhead Saskatchewan Canada Rare Bird Records. Blue Jay. vol 48, no 4. p. 212-217.
  • DePaul L & Kopitzke D. (1998). Incentives for savanna protection on private lands: Past, present, and future. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts & Letters. vol 86, no 0. p. 47-56.
  • Elliott PF. (1978). Cowbird Parasitism in the Kansas USA Tall Grass Prairie. Auk. vol 95, no 1. p. 161-167.
  • Enstrom DA. (1992). Breeding Season Communication Hypotheses for Delayed Plumage Maturation in Passerines Tests in the Orchard Oriole Icterus-Spurius. Animal Behaviour. vol 43, no 3. p. 463-472.
  • Enstrom DA. (1992). Delayed Plumage Maturation in the Orchard Oriole Icterus-Spurius Tests of Winter Adaptation Hypotheses. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 30, no 1. p. 35-42.
  • Enstrom DA. (1993). Female choice for age-specific plumage in the orchard oriole: Implications for delayed plumage maturation. Animal Behaviour. vol 45, no 3. p. 435-442.
  • Garvin MC, Szell CC & Moore FR. (2006). Blood parasites of Nearctic-Neotropical migrant passerine birds during spring trans-gulf migration: Impact on host body condition. Journal of Parasitology. vol 92, no 5. p. 990-996.
  • Goertz JW. (1977). Additional Records of Brown-Headed Cowbird Nest Parasitism in Louisiana. Auk. vol 94, no 2. p. 386-389.
  • Hill RA. (1976). Host Parasite Relationships of the Brown-Headed Cowbird in a Prairie Habitat of West Central Kansas USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 88, no 4. p. 555-565.
  • Hilton GM, Atkinson PW, Gray GAL, Arendt WJ & Gibbons DW. (2003). Rapid decline of the volcanically threatened Montserrat oriole. Biol Conserv. vol 111, no 1. p. 79-89.
  • Hofmann CM, Cronin TW & Omland KE. (2006). Using spectral data to reconstruct evolutionary changes in coloration: Carotenoid color evolution in new world orioles. Evolution. vol 60, no 8. p. 1680-1691.
  • Hopkins MJ. (1968). A Disputed Nest Site Tyrannus-Tyrannus Icterus-Spurius Behavior. Oriole. vol 33, no 3. p. 37-38.
  • Leck C. (1974). Further Observations of Nectar Feeding by Orioles. Auk. vol 91, no 1. p. 162-163.
  • Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS, Jr. & Unnasch TR. (2002). Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. vol 66, no 5. p. 599-604.
  • Lloyd-Evans TL & Atwood JL. (2004). 32 years of changes in passerine numbers during spring and fall migrations in coastal Massachusetts. Wilson Bulletin. vol 116, no 1. p. 1-16.
  • Lohrer FE. (1977). Orchard Oriole Holding Food with the Feet. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 5, no 2.
  • Luterbach B. (1999). Orchard Orioles increase within Tyvan area, Saskatchewan. Blue Jay. vol 57, no 3. p. 150-151.
  • Mills ED & Rogers DTJ. (1990). Nearctic Passerine Fall Migration in Central Belize. Wilson Bulletin. vol 102, no 1. p. 146-150.
  • Morton ES. (1979). EFFECTIVE POLLINATION OF ERYTHRINA-FUSCA BY THE ORCHARD ORIOLE (ICTERUS-SPURIUS) - CO-EVOLVED BEHAVIORAL MANIPULATION. Ann Mo Bot Gard. vol 66, no 3. p. 482-489.
  • Parkes KC. (1990). Additional Record of Birds from the Distrito Federal Mexico Including a Possible Hybrid Spizella. Condor. vol 92, no 4. p. 1080-1081.
  • Quintana-Barrios L, Ruiz-Campos G, Unitt P & Erickson RA. (2006). Update on the birds of Isla Guadalupe, Baja California. Western Birds. vol 37, no 1. p. 23-36.
  • Schaefer VH. (1976). Geographic Variation in the Placement and Structure of Oriole Nests. Condor. vol 78, no 4. p. 443-448.
  • Scharf WC & Kren J. (1997). Summer diet of orchard orioles in southwestern Nebraska. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 42, no 2. p. 127-131.
  • Sealy SG. (1980). Breeding Biology of Orchard Orioles Icterus-Spurius in a New Population in Manitoba Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 94, no 2. p. 154-158.
  • Sealy SG & Underwood TJ. (2004). Accepters and rejecters of cowbird parasitism in the New World orioles (Icterus spp.). Ornitologia Neotropical. vol 15, no 3. p. 331-347.
  • Short LL. (1974). Nesting of Southern Sonoran Birds During the Summer Rainy Season. Condor. vol 76, no 1. p. 21-32.
  • Stevenson HM. (1979). Southward Extension of Orchard Oriole Icterus-Spurius Breeding Range in Florida USA. Florida Field Naturalist. vol 7, no 1. p. 10-11.
  • Twedt DJ & Somershoe SG. (2003). Breeding birds on reforested bottomlands in forested and agricultural landscapes. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol 88, no 339.
  • Van Dyke F, Van Kley SE, Page CE & Van Beek JG. (2004). Restoration efforts for plant and bird communities in tallgrass prairies using prescribed burning and mowing. Restoration Ecology. vol 12, no 4. p. 575-585.
  • VanderWerf EA & Freed LA. (2003). Elepaio subadult plumages reduce aggression through graded status-signaling, not mimicry. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 74, no 4. p. 406-415.
  • Whitehead MA, Schweitzer SH & Post W. (2002). Cowbird/host interactions in a southeastern old-field: A recent contact area?. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 73, no 4. p. 379-386.
  • Wormington A & Lamond W. (1987). Orchard Oriole New to Northern Ontario Canada. Ontario Birds. vol 5, no 1. p. 32-34.
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