Olier Mordrel
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Olier Mordrel (Breton language version of Olivier Mordrelle; 1901—1985, was born and died in Paris, France) was a Breton nationalist and fascist politician, also known as an architect, essayist, short story writer, and translator. The father of André Chelain (born Tristan Mordrelle), Mordrel wrote some of his works under the pen names Jean de La Bénelais, J. La B, Er Gédour, A. Calvez, Otto Mohr, Brython, and Olivier Launay.
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[edit] Early life
The son of a Corsican woman who had married General Joseph Mordrelle (died in 1942), Olier Mordrel spent most of his childhood in Paris (paradoxically, the place where he also learned Breton). After studies at the École des Beaux-Arts, he was an architect in Quimper for ten years.
He joined Breiz Atao in 1919, and became president of Unvaniez Yaouankiz Vreiz ("Youth Union of Brittany") in 1922. Together with Roparz Hemon, he created the literary magazine Gwalarn (1925), and was included in the Breton delegation to the First Pan-Celtic Congress in Dublin (alongside François Jaffrennou, Morvan Marchal, and Yves Le Drézen). Subsequently, Mordrel became co-president of the Parti Autonomiste Breton (PAB), and then its secretary for propaganda. During the same year, he started mixing his political and aesthetical ideals, adapting Art Deco to Breton themes.
In 1932, he created the Breton National Party (PNB 2), an increasingly fascist movement that would be outlawed by Prime Minister Édouard Daladier in October 1939, for its connections with Nazi Germany. In an article he contributed to the December 11 1932 Breiz Atao, Mordrel launched an anti-semitic attack, one aiming to add National-socialist rhetoric to his discourse against French centralism: "Jacobin rime avec Youppin" - translatable as "A Jacobin is the same as a Yid". On January 29, 1933, Breiz Atao adopted the swastika, one day before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. The same year, he conceived the Strollad Ar Gelted Adsavet (SAGA, Party of Risen Celts) and its Nazi platform - which included Bretons in the Nordic "master race".
Mordrel also launched Stur, a magazine which displayed the swastika in its title, and the 1936 Peuples et Frontières (initially titled Bulletin des minorités nationales de France), which served as the voice for fascist-influenced and separatist minority ethnic groups throughout Europe. A noted contributor was the Alsatian Hermann Bickler, who later became a Gestapo commander. On December 14 1938, Mordrel and François Debeauvais were each sentenced to a year in prison for "attack on the nation's unity". Both of them were released in July of the same year.
[edit] Bretonische Regierung
Just before the World War II erupted in 1939, Mordrel, Debeauvais, and their families (including Debeauvais's daughter, Anna Youenou, who has since published an account of the travel) left for Berlin, via Belgium and the Netherlands. While in Amsterdam, the two leaders issued a Manifesto calling for the Bretons not to back the French forces. A Lizer Brezl ("Letter of War") they wrote to PNB 2 members in January 1940 stated that "a real Breton does not have the right to die for France" and "our enemies are first and foremost the French, it is them who have not ceased causing misfortune to Brittany".
A military tribunal in Rennes tried Debeauvais and Mordrel in absentia and sentenced them to death for separatist activities, treason, maintaining active a banned group, and instigation to desertion or treason. In early May, the Germans awarded Mordrel the leadership of a self-designated government in exile, the Bretonische Regierung; nonetheless, the two Bretons were not given the status of "leaders of Brittany", and the German passports they carried read stateless (Statenlos) - they were allowed to travel only because of their connections with the Gestapo. With the start of the German occupation of France, the activists returned to Brittany on July 1, re-founded the PNB, and Mordrel started printing L'Heure Bretonne (edited by Morvan Lebesque).
[edit] In the Occupation
After a self-designated Congress in Pontivy founded the Comité National Breton, Mordrel took charge of the PNB in late October, and subsequently led a campaign against Vichy France that was tacitly encouraged by the Germans. His relation with Célestin Lainé became tense after Lainé's paramilitary Lu Brezhon started competing with the Comité National in October. Mordrel's actions against Vichy did not have the intended effect, and the PNB's appeal was minimal; at the same time, Germany had started placing its trust with Vichy leader Philippe Pétain, and in the end was behind Mordrel's ousting in December. He seems to have been disappointed with the PNB's position himself - in November, he stated: "Our force is within ourselves. Neither Vichy nor Berlin will render the Breton people the necessary status for self-determination, regrouping, and giving itself a path. Our fate is being decided in our fibers... Let us not expect anything that is not from ourselves". He resigned his position with the PNB and the paper, being replaced with Raymond Delaporte.
Mordrel was assigned residence in Germany: first in Stuttgart, then, from January 1941, in Berlin. Leo Weisgerber offered him the position of Celtic languages professor at the University of Bonn, and orchestrated his return to Paris in May. He was allowed to settle in Mayenne, where he was frequently visited and consulted by his Breton friends - including Jean Merrien, Raffig Tullou, Jean Trécan, and René-Yves Creston; throughout 1943, he kept contacts with his fellow writer and Occupation regime figure Louis-Ferdinand Céline. In September, Mordrel could return to Rennes, where, while both the PNB leadership and Vichy agents called on the Germans to expel him, he was kept as an alternative by the Nazi authorities; from 1942, he could yet again edit Stur.
[edit] 1945, exile, and return
After the Allied invasion during the battle of Normandy, Brittany was taken on August 13, 1944, and Mordrel was forced to flee to Germany. In February 1945 began PNB talks with French fascist leader Jacques Doriot and his Parti Populaire Français, Mordrel acting as representative of the Bretons (with the backing of Roparz Hemon). The two sides agreed on Breton independence within a "Swiss-like" federation. After being briefly active in the umbrella group created by Doriot, he had to flee the defeated country, taking refuge in Brazil, then Argentina, and finally in Francist Spain. He was again sentenced to death in absentia, in June 1946, but continued to contribute material to the magazine Ar Vro as Brython.
Mordrel returned to France in 1972, and continued writing for La Bretagne Réelle as Otto Mohr (a name he had used in 1940), as well as editing volumes - including a history of the Waffen-SS (Waffen SS d'Occident). In the 1980s, he was among the founders of Kelc'h Maksen Wledig ("Emperor Maxentius' Cicle"), together with such figures of the far right as Yann Ber Tillenon and Georges Pinault; later, he was active in the Groupement de recherche et d'études sur la civilisation européenne, an organization associeted with extreme politics, led by Alain de Benoist. Nonetheless, in the 1981 presidential race, Mordrel backed Socialist candidate François Mitterrand.
[edit] Works
- Pensée d'un nationaliste Breton, (Breiz Atao 1921-1927), Les Nouvelles Éditions Bretonnes, 1933
- La Galerie bretonne
- translation of The Lay of the Love and Death of Cornet Christopher Rilke by Rainer Maria Rilke - Kanenn hini Langenau, Kenwerzel Breiz, Rennes
- Breiz Atao, histoire et actualité du nationalisme breton, Alain Moreau, 1973.
- La voie Bretonne, Nature et Bretagne, Quimper, 1975.
- L'essence de la Bretagne, essay, Guipavas, Éditions Kelenn, 1977
- Les hommes-dieux, stories in Celtic mythology, Paris, Copernic, 1979
- L'Idée Bretonne, Éditions Albatros, 1981
- Le mythe de l'hexagone, Picollec, 1981.
- La Bretagne, Nathan, 1983.
