Oflag IV-C
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oflag IV-C (Oflag is the abbreviation for Offizierslager, "officers camp") (often referred to as Colditz Castle because of its location) was one of the most famous German Army prisoner-of-war camps for officers in World War II. It was located in Colditz Castle situated on a cliff overlooking the town of Colditz in Saxony.
Contents |
[edit] Time Line
- 1939 - The first prisoners arrived in November 1939; they were 140 Polish officers from the September Campaign who were regarded as escape risks. However, later most of them were transferred to other Oflags.
- 1940 - In October Donald Middleton, Keith Milne, and Howard D. Wardle (a Canadian who joined the RAF just before the war) became the first British prisoners at Colditz.
- On November 7, 1940, six British RAF officers, the "Laufen Six", named after the camp from which they made their first escape, arrived: Harry Elliott, Rupert Barry (later Sir Rupert Barry), Patrick Reid, Dick Howe, Peter Allen, and Kenneth Lockwood. They were soon joined by a handful of British Army officers and later by Belgian officers. By Christmas 1940 there were 60 Polish officers, 12 Belgians, 50 French, and 30 British, a total of no more than 200 with their orderlies.[1]
- 1941 - February 1941, 200 French officers arrived. A number of the French demanded that French Jewish officers be segregated from them and the camp commander obliged; they were moved to the attics. By the end of July 1941, there were more than 500 officers: over 250 French, 150 Polish, 50 British and Commonwealth, 2 Yugoslavian. .
Photo of some of the Dutch held at Colditz
On July 24, 1941, 68 Dutch officers arrived, members of the Dutch East Indies Army, who had refused to sign a declaration that they would take no part in the war against Germany. Afterwards a number of would-be-escapees would borrow Dutch greatcoats as their disguise. When the Wehrmacht invaded the Netherlands they were short on material for uniforms, so they confiscated anything available. The coats in Dutch field grey in particular remained unchanged in color, since it was similar to the tone already in use by the Germans, so these greatcoats would be nearly identical with very minor alterations.
- 1943 - In May 1943, the Wehrmacht High Command decided that Colditz should house only Americans and British, so in June the Dutch were moved out, followed shortly thereafter by the Poles, the Belgians, and the French; with the final French group leaving July 12, 1943. By the end of July there were a few Free French officers, and 228 British officers, with a contingent consisting of Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Irish, and one Indian.
- 1944 - On August 23, 1944 Colditz received its first Americans: 49-year-old Colonel Florimund Duke — the oldest American paratrooper of the war, Captain Guy Nunn, and Alfred Suarez. They were all counter-intelligence operatives parachuted into Hungary to prevent it joining forces with Germany. Population was approximately 254 at the start of the early winter that year.
- 1945 - On January 19, 1945 six French Generals — Lieutenant-General Jean Adolphe Louis Robert Flavigny, Major-General Gustave Marie Maurice Mesny, Major-General Louis Léon Marie André Buisson, Major-General Arsène Marie Paul Vauthier, Brigadier-General Albert Joseph Daine, and Brigadier-General René Jacques Mortemart de Boisse — were brought from the camp at Königstein to Colditz Castle.
On February 5 Polish General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, deputy commander of the Armia Krajowa (home army) and responsible for the Warsaw Uprising, arrived with his entourage. In March 1945, 1200 French prisoners were brought to Colditz Castle, with 600 more being imprisoned in the town below.
[edit] The "Prominente" and famous inmates
Among the more famous inmates were British fighter ace Douglas Bader; Patrick Reid, the man who made Colditz famous with his post war books; Airey Neave, the first British officer to escape from Colditz; New Zealand British Army Captain Charles Upham, the only combat soldier to ever receive the Victoria Cross twice; and David Stirling, founder of the wartime Special Air Service.
There were also prisoners called Prominente, relatives of Allied VIPs. The first one was Giles Romilly, a civilian journalist who was captured in Narvik, Norway who also happened to be a nephew of Winston Churchill. Adolf Hitler himself specified that Romilly was to be treated with the utmost care and that:
- The Kommandant and Security Officer answer for Romilly's security with their heads.
- His security is to be assured by any and every exceptional measure you care to take.
When the end of the war approached, the number of Prominente increased. Eventually there were Viscount George Lascelles, nephew to George VI; John Alexander Elphinstone, nephew of Queen Elizabeth; Captain George Haig, son of WWI field marshal Douglas Haig; Charles Hope, son of Victor Hope, the Viceroy of India; Lieutenant John Winant Jr., son of John Gilbert Winant, US ambassador to Britain; Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, commander of the Warsaw Uprising; and four German generals. British Commando Michael Alexander, claimed to be a nephew of field marshal Harold Alexander in order to escape execution, but was merely a distant cousin.
Micky Burn, another famous inmate of Colditz, was a British commando captured at Saint-Nazaire. Burn had been a journalist like Romilly before the war, working for The Times. Burn had briefly been an admirer of the Nazi Party and in 1936 had met Adolf Hitler, who signed his copy of Mein Kampf. After the war broke out Burn politically shifted to Marxism and gave lectures to prisoners at Colditz, however, due to his pre-war interest in Nazi philosophy he was widely regarded with distrust and scorn.
Lord John Francis Arundell, 16th Baron Arundell of Wardour (1907-1944) was an aristocrat held at Colditz who, despite his pedigree, was not awarded prominente status. Arundell made a habit of exercising in the winter snow, a habit which would lead to his contracting tuberculosis and to his eventual death in Chester Military Hospital.
At 1:30am on Friday the 13th, April 1945, while the battles approached the area, the Prominente were moved under guard and the cover of darkness. The Allies and prisoners became especially concerned that the Prominente might be used as hostages, bargaining chips, human shields, or that the SS might try to kill them out of spite; they prepared for resistance and, if possible, to take over the castle. The Germans moved all the Prominente out of the castle, over the protestations of the other prisoners. When US troops reached the area, prisoners convinced the leader of their guards Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger to surrender in secret, so as to save him from the revenge of the SS. With his aid they reached American lines a couple of weeks later. He would later receive a lessened sentence after his hearing in 1949 because of his actions regarding the Prominente.
[edit] The German staff and visitors
For an incomplete list of the German staff see List of staff of Oflag IV-C
Keeping the castle running in a secure and efficient manner was a difficult task, and the Germans maintained a larger garrison at the castle than at many of their other prison camps. Between the years of 1939 and 1945, more than 70 German officers and enlisted men worked in a wide variety of staff positions as well as overseeing prisoners' labour.
There was also a large contingent of civilians and local townspeople who would be on castle grounds. Some would be in maintenance (electrician, carpenter, plumber, etc...), some in medical roles (dentist, doctor, etc...), some would be there in a supervisory role (Nazi Party leaders, Swiss Red Cross observers, etc...), others would be on grounds merely because they were family members of the military officers at the camp.
[edit] Life in the camp
In Colditz, the Wehrmacht followed the Geneva Convention to the letter. Would-be escapees were punished with solitary confinement, instead of being summarily executed. In principle, the security officers recognized that it was the duty of the POWs to try to escape and that their own job was to stop them. Prisoners could even form gentlemen's agreements with the guards, such as not using borrowed tools for escape attempts.
Most of the guard company was composed of WWI veterans and young soldiers not fit for the front. Because Colditz was a high security camp, the Germans organized three and then later four Appells (roll calls) a day to count the prisoners. If they discovered someone had escaped, they alerted every police and train station within a 40 km (25 miles) radius, and all the members of the Hitler Youth joined the hunt.
Due to the number of Red Cross food parcels, prisoners sometimes ate better than their guards, who had to rely on Wehrmacht rations. Prisoners could use their relative luxuries for trade and, for example, exchange their cigarettes for Reichsmark that they hoped could later use in their escape attempts. Occasionally this turned to be a mistake as several of the bills they received were of the earlier Papiermark varieties that were no longer considered valid. There were also other currencies in circulation, these included the Registermark, utilized for travelling and investments in Germany; the Reisemark, for tourists; the Kreditsperrmark, for sales of property belonging to foreigners; the Effektensperrmark, arising from the sale of securities in Germany; the Reichskreditkassenschein in occupied territories; and the Behelfszahlungsmittel (Auxiliary Payment Certificates) for the German Armed Forces. The Kreditsperrmark and Effektensperrmark were consolidated into the Handelsperrmark in 1939. Due to the massive variety of currency types and uses, in several escape attempts, escapees with one of these various currencies printed before 1939 were told their money was no good — leaving them moneyless and easier to recapture.
Prisoners had to make their own entertainment. In August 1941 the first camp Olympics were organized by the Polish prisoners. Events were held in football (soccer), volleyball, boxing, and chess, but the closing ceremony was interrupted by a German fire drill. "The British came in last place in every event cheerfully, to the dismay of the other participants who took the competition deadly seriously," according to the British inmate John Wilkens in a 1986 interview. Prisoners also formed a Polish choir, a Dutch Hawaiian guitar band, and a French orchestra.
The British put on homemade revues, classical plays and farces including: Gaslight, Rope, The Man Who Came to Dinner, Pygmalion, and The Importance of Being Earnest. Several prisoners even intentionally grew their hair long so as to better portray female roles. Prisoner Jock Hamilton-Baillie even used to shave his legs, rub them in brown shoe polish, and draw a line down the back of his legs in pencil to simulate the appearance of silk stockings. This allowed him special "bath privileges" in the German guards washroom, since the prisoner's showers were unable to get the polish off his legs. Staging these plays even gained the prisoners access to "parole tools", tools which were used to build the sets and promised not to be used to escape. During the summer months, the theater's peak periods, there were new productions every two weeks. The biggest success of the theater however would be the Christmas themed Ballet Nonsense which premiered on November 16, 1941 and ran until the November 18, 1941 show which Hauptmann Priem (the first prison warden of Colditz) attended.
Another pastime which occupied much of the prisoners' time was the production of moonshine alcohol. Initially started by the Polish contingent using a recipe of yeast, water, German jam and sugar from their Red Cross parcels, and then taken up by other prisoners, it did not take long for stills to be secreted all across Colditz (one of which remained undiscovered until a tourist trip in 1984). Prisoner Michael Farr, whose family ran Hawker's Gin (the sole purveyors of Sloe gin with a Royal Warrant), even managed to make a sparkling wine dubbed "Château Colditz". Some prisoners would get black teeth or even temporary blindness from consuming this beverage — a condition known as "jam-happy" — as it contained many impurities. Although the German guards despised the drunken prisoners, they generally turned a blind eye to the distilling.
Officers also studied languages, learning from each other, and told stories. Most popular of these stories were the embellished retelling of BBC broadcasts by Jim Rogers. Since mail was regularly screened by censors, and the German newspapers received by prisoners contained much Nazi propaganda, the only reliable information prisoners could obtain on the progress of the war in Europe was through BBC broadcasts received via one of two radios which were secreted in the castle. These radios were smuggled in by French prisoner Frédérick Guigues and named "Arthur 1" and "Arthur 2". The first radio was quickly discovered due to a mole, but the second would remain secreted away until Guigues returned and removed it during a tour of the castle in 1965. The radio hide would not be permanently exposed until 1992 during repairs to the roof. [1].
Later the most popular way to pass the time was stoolball, a particularly rough version of rugby, where there were two stools at either end of the prisoners' courtyard and goals were scored by knocking off the goalie who was sitting on the stool. This game served as an outlet for pent-up aggression, and also provided noise to cover the sounds of tunnel-digging.
In addition to escape attempts, prisoners also tried to make the life of their guards more miserable by resorting to "goon-baiting", making nuisances of themselves by harassing the guards. For example, they would drop water bombs on the guards. Douglas Bader even encouraged his junior officers to do that. British Flight Lieutenant Pete Tunstall especially tried to cause havoc by disturbing the roll call even if nobody was trying to escape, so that the guards would not become suspicious when somebody was. He went through a total of five courts martial and suffered a total of 415 days in solitary confinement.
[edit] Escape attempts
|
|
Prisoners contrived a number of methods to escape. They duplicated keys to various doors, made copies of maps, forged Ausweise (identity papers), and manufactured their own tools. MI9, a department of the British War Office which specialized in escape equipment, communicated with the prisoners in code and smuggled them new escape aids disguised in care packages from family or from non-existent charities, although they never tampered with Red Cross care packages for fear it would force the Germans to stop their delivery to all camps. The Germans became skilled at intercepting packages containing contraband material.
There was also a form of black market whereby the prisoners used items from their Red Cross parcels to buy information and tools from the cooperative guards and townsfolk. Since the Germans allowed Douglas Bader to visit the town, he took chocolate and other luxuries with him for trading. Flight Lieutenant Cenek Chaloupka traded goods for information and even had a girlfriend in the town. David Stirling later took control of the black market operations.
There was only one fatality during the escape attempts: British Lieutenant Michael Sinclair in September 1944. The Germans buried him in Colditz cemetery with full military honors — his casket was draped with a Union Jack flag made by the German guards, and he received a seven-gun salute. Post-war he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, the only man to receive it for escaping during WWII. He is currently buried in grave number 10.1.14 at Berlin War Cemetery in the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district of Berlin.
[edit] Oflag IV-C in popular culture
Oflag IV-C has been the inspiration for both television and film due to the widely popular retellings by Pat Reid and Airey Neave. This started as early as 1955 with the release of The Colditz Story, followed by The Birdmen in 1971, continuing until 2005 with the Colditz mini-series. The escape stories of Colditz Castle have inspired several board and video games, such as Escape from Colditz and Commandos.
[edit] Film
- The Colditz Story (1955) was a dramatic film re-enactment of life in the camp during WW2, based entirely on the books of Pat Reid (Patrick Reid), directed by Guy Hamilton, who would later go on to direct three of the James Bond movies. Although some fictional content was added to embellish the situations, it was predominantly historically accurate. The film portrays life inside the camp and the escape attempts, starting with two captured British POW's arrival at the castle. It starred John Mills as Pat Reid, Bryan Forbes as Jimmy Winslow, and Ian Carmichael as Robin Cartwright. It was also nominated for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award in 1956. It has been called an "Outstanding factual World War Two drama about Allied POW's held in Germany's most secure wartime prison." [2] More information regarding the film and the cast can be seen at The Colditz Story at the Internet Movie Database.
[edit] Television and TV movies
- Escape of the Birdmen (1971) was a television movie loosely based off of Pat Reid's book. This movie is of note in that it is the first movie based on Pat Reid's books to reference the Colditz glider. More information regarding the film and the cast can be seen at The Birdmen at the Internet Movie Database.
- "Colditz" (1972-1974) was a dramatic television series aired on BBC1 television. It ran for a total of 28 episodes across two seasons, progressing in time from the opening of the camp until its liberation in 1945. The first three episodes of the series acted as an introduction to the plot of the show and introduced the viewers to the three central characters by following the events that led up to their arrival at the camp. The series was a joint production between the BBC and Universal TV (an American company), but for reasons unknown, it never aired in the United States. Episodes 24 "A Very Important Person" and 25 "Chameleon" did however air in the US as a two hour TV movie entitled Escape From Colditz, in 1974. A review of the film was printed in the newspaper The News Of The World, which praised it saying: "It has all the realism, dignity and courage of the men it commemorates." Its more notable actors were Jack Hedley as Lieutenant Colonel John Preston from 1972-74, Edward Hardwicke as Captain Pat Grant from 1972-73, Robert Wagner as Major Phil Carrington from 1972-74, David McCallum as Flight Lieutenant Simon Carter from 1972-74, and Dan O'Herlihy as Lieutenant Colonel Max Dodd in 1974. More information regarding the film and the cast can be seen at "Colditz" at the Internet Movie Database
- Escape from Colditz (2001) was a British television movie. More information regarding the film and the cast can be seen at Escape from Colditz at the Internet Movie Database
- "Colditz" (2005) was a mini-series on ITV1, based on Henry Chancellor's book Colditz: The Definitive History, directed by Stuart Orme. [3] This tale is much more fictional than its predecessors, with fictional characters and situations that are merely based on real people and events. [4] It features Jason Priestley (Beverly Hills 90210) as Rhett Barker, James Fox as Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Fordham, Damian Lewis (Band of Brothers) as Nicholas McGrade, Tom Hardy (Black Hawk Down) as Jack Rose, Sophia Myles (Thunderbirds) as Lizzie, Guy Henry as Capt. Sawyer and Timothy West as Warren. More information regarding the film and the cast can be seen at "Colditz" at the Internet Movie Database
[edit] Computer and Video Games
- Escape from Castle Colditz — a board game from Invicta Games in 1972. [5]
- Escape from Colditz — a board game from Parker Brothers in 1973. This game was designed by Pat Reid. [6]
- Escape from Colditz — a board game from Gibson Games (remake of the Parker Brothers game) in the 1980s. [7]
- Escape from Colditz — an Amiga computer game from Digital Magic Software in 1991. This is a digital version of the Gibsons Games board game. [8]
- Skedaddle! — a board game from Crowhurst Games (remake of the Parker Brothers game) in 1992. [9]
- Wolfenstein 3D — a computer and video game originally released in 1992. Although not taking place in Colditz Castle, does seem to draw loosely from the escape stories related to it.
- Prisoner of War — a video game from Codemasters for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and computer in 2001.
- Commandos 2: Men of Courage — the team of commandos have to infiltrate the castle, free the Thief and gain valuable plans from top Nazi commanders.
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
[edit] Other Media
The Doctor Who audio play Colditz by Big Finish is based in Colditz and mentions many well known names and escape attempts.
[edit] References
- Henry Chancellor, Colditz: The Definitive History: The Untold Story of World War II's Great Escapes London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001.
- Reinhold Eggers, Colditz: The German Story Translated and edited by Howard Gee. London: Robert Hale, 1961.
- Flight to Freedom — The Colditz Glider — An excerpt from the Soaring magazine article on the Colditz Glider by Wade H. Nelson. Retrieved March 21, 2005.
- The Escapes from Colditz — Contains data on the escapees. Retrieved March 19, 2005.
- History of German Currency — A complete history of changes in German Currency. Retrieved April 5, 2005.
- Colditz — A review and brief description of the 1970s BBC television series at "TelevisionHeaven."
- Colditz (TV series) Wikipedia article on the 1970s series.
[edit] Suggested reading
For a reasonably comprehensive list of books about Colditz Castle, its history as a POW camp, and many prisoners memoirs see the Suggested reading list.
[edit] External links
- Virtual Tour of Colditz — Site is predominantly in German, some sections have an English translation.
- NOVA "Nazi Prison Escape" — Homepage to the NOVA TV episode "Nazi Prison Escape"
- Bibliographie par Frédéric Mortimore — Site is in French but has a good list of books available about Colditz and its POW's.
- Colditz Castle — Oflag IVc — POW Information Sources — Links to resources about German POW's and has links to obituaries for some former prisoners.
- Escape to Colditz by Andrew Walker — BBC News Magazine 8 August 2003.
- Guide Oflag IVc & Colditz — A Guide for Visitors
- Colditz Castle Oflag IVC — English language tour and history of Colditz.
- Escape from Colditz — Channel 4 web game whose object is to escape from Colditz Castle.
- The Colditz Prison Escape Glider — How to make your own Colditz Glider with plans.
- Colditz Oflag IVc The ‘Bad Boys’ Camp — Site with additional information and many links
[edit] POW memoirs
- The Indian war hero who stood up to the Nazis — About Captain Birendra Nath Mazumdar M.D. the only Indian POW at Colditz.
- Mémoires de ma captivité Jacques Pallu (1940–1944) — Site is predominantly in French, some sections have an English translation.
- No.218 Squadrons Home Run — The Escape of Flight Lieutenant Wardle R.A.F From Colditz Castle.
- Une Vie De Camp (1943) — This is an exhibition of the watercolours of Pierre Lelong showing daily life at Oflag IVc. These watercolours seem "sanitized" and may have been censored by the German guards.
[edit] Audio interviews
- Joseph Tucki describes Colditz — (Running Time: 1:12) (MP3) from the Imperial War Museum Collection
- Tucki was a Polish officer served with 44th Infantry Regt in Poland, 1939; POW in Oflag VII A, Murnau, Germany, 1939-1941; escaped to Hungary, 1941 and returned to German captivity; POW in Oflag IV C, Colditz, Oflag 10 C Lubeck and Oflag 6 B, Dessel in Germany, 1942-1945
- Patrick Welch describes the Colditz Glider — Part 1 — (Running Time: 2:21) (MP3) from the Imperial War Museum Collection
- Patrick Welch describes the Colditz Glider — Part 2 — (Running Time: 2:21) (MP3) from the Imperial War Museum Collection
- Patrick Welch describes the Colditz Glider — Part 3 — (Running Time: 0:47) (MP3) from the Imperial War Museum Collection
- Welch was a British NCO flying instructor in GB, 1938-1942; officer with 25 Operation Training Unit, RAF in GB, 1942; POW at Stalag Luft III, Sagan and Oflag IV C, Colditz in Germany, 1943-1945
- Imperial War Museum Collections Online Contains more audio interviews regarding "Colditz" and "Oflag IV C".
[edit] Prisoner obituaries
- James de Deane Yule — September 17, 1916–December 25, 2000
- John William Best — 1913–April 22, 2000
- Dominic Bruce — June 7, 1915–February 12, 2000
- Rolf Magener — 1911–June 3, 2000
- James Hugh Cecil Chesshire — December 28, 1916–October, 2000
Colditz · Colditz Castle · Oflag IV-C · Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C · List of staff of Oflag IV-C
