Obalumo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ọbalúmọ̀ or Ọba'lúmọ̀ , (a contraction of Ọba Olúmọ̀), is the titular name of the founder-king of the ancient Ìsèdó-Olúmọ̀, city-state, an ancient monarchy of the Igbomina-Yoruba. Ọba’lúmọ̀ is one of the ealiest Yoruba founders of the ancient city-states, monarchies and kingdoms in southwestern Nigeria.
Translations of the title Ọba’lúmọ̀ as “The King, the Lord of Knowledge” or “King of the Lords of Knowledge” or “King and Lord of Knowledge”, meaning “ Knowledgeable King,” suggests that this founder-monarch of the Ìsèdó city-state, who is reputed in oral history to be a veteran hunter and warrior, was also a highly skilled Herbal doctor/pharmacognosist and Babalawo (a diviner priest of the Ifa oracle).
[edit] Origin of the Ọba'lúmọ̀'s Kingdom and Dating the Ìsẹ̀dó-Olúmọ̀ City-State
Some oral history practitioners ascribe a personal name of Tìímọ̀ (pronounced Tì-í-mọ̀) to the first King Ọba'lúmọ̀. Other oral history practitioners claim that Tìímọ̀ was simply the reiging Ọba'lúmọ̀ at the time of contact with the migrating group of one of the two factions deaprting from Ila Yara whose leader founded Ila Orangun adjacent to Ìsẹ̀dó, the kingdom where Tìímọ̀ was reigning as the then King Ọba'lúmọ̀.
The first Ọba'lúmọ̀ (same Tìímọ̀ according to one of the oral history accounts) led one of the major migrations from the ancient Ọ̀bà kingdom, perhaps as a result of the cyclic conflict with their Nupe neighbours to the north. The orature of the Ìsèdó people refer to their recent ancestry from King Ọba'lúmọ̀ (Ọmọ Ọba’lúmọ̀ n’Ìsẹ̀dó), their more remote ancestry from the Ọ̀bà kingdom (Ọmọ ọrọ̀ l’Ọbà), as well as to their more ancient royal ancestry from King Olúnlákin of Ọ̀bà (Ọm’Ọba Olúnlákin).
Results of recent archeological research of the region's contemporary and later settlements suggest that the Ìsèdọ́ City-State commonly known as Ìsẹ̀dó-Olúmọ̀ (i.e. the Olúmọ̀’s Ìsẹ̀dó), was established between the 10th and the 12th centuries by Ọ̀bà refugees (led by Ọba'lúmọ̀), who were displaced by the internal wranglings within their former kingdom or/and perhaps cyclic conflicts with the neighbouring Nupe to the north. (It was presumably the same problem of cyclic conflicts with the Nupe that caused the ancient Òwu kingdom, perhaps a contemporary of Ọ̀bà, to relocate further south from their original city-state in this region to establish a new settlement named Orile-Òwu, south of Ile-Ifẹ).
[edit] Relationship with Other Ancient City-States
Oratures of ancient origin and oral-historians ascribe the role of land-grant authority to the Ọba'lúmọ̀, monarch of Ìsẹ̀dó. Some oral historians report that at the request of Oduduwa’s fourth son, named Fagbamila and nicknamed Ọ̀ràngún, the region’s king Ọba'lúmọ̀ gave land-grants to the later arriving Ọ̀ràngún immigrants at a location sufficiently distant from Ìsẹ̀dó’s location. Another, seemingly more reliable version of the oral history, indicates that the land-grant occurred a few centuries later, when the faction of the younger of two quarreling princes arrived from the Ìlá Yàrà schism in the vicinity of the Ọba'lúmọ̀'s Ìsẹ̀dó monarchy. This younger prince, Arutu Oluokun, founded Ila-Magbon but the new monarchy was forced to move within a short time to establish another settlement at Ìlá-Odò or Odò-Ìlá (meaning Ìlá of fthe lowland) which is the settlement that became the modern Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún.
An annual celebration called "Ìmárúgbó" (or "Òkùnrìn") festival was instituted between the two city-states during which the King Òràngún leaves his palace with his chiefs to pay a day-long homage to the King Ọba'lúmọ̀ in the Ọba'lúmọ̀'s palace. This is partly in symbolic tribute to Ọba'lúmọ̀'s land-grant and his (Ọba'lúmọ̀'s) precedence of him (the Ọ̀ràngún) in the region, and partly in appreciation of Ọba'lúmọ̀'s hosting of the Ọ̀ràngún's elderly mother who could not continue with the immigrant party to their allocated land. The Ọ̀ràngún's mother died in the palace of the Ọba'lúmọ̀ and was buried at Ìsẹ̀dó, so the Ọ̀ràngún also visits her grave.
The older Ọ̀ràngún monarch's faction departing the Ìlá Yàrà schism, established a new settlement called Igbohun. After a few other settlement locations, the modern Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún was founded near the original Igbohun. The Ọbaálá clan of Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, according to their oratures which refer to their origin from Ìsẹ̀dó, is actually a segment of the Ìsẹ̀dó royalty which emigrated several centuries ago (for some yet indeterminate reason) to the kingdom of Oke-Ila Ọrangun. At Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, the Ìsẹ̀dó immigrants retained their royal title of Ọba'lúmọ̀, apparently maintaining their separateness for some time until they subsequently "federated" or consolidated with the Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún kingdom. Within the consolidated Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún kingdom heirachy, the Ọba'lúmọ̀ or Ìsẹ̀dó clan won rights to the additional title of Ọbaálá (meaning "mighty king" or "senior king"), in addition to their royal title of Ọba'lúmọ̀ remaining recognized and maintained. This is a significant recognition of the Ọba'lúmọ̀ clan since the Ọbaálá title is next in rank to the Ọ̀ràngún of Òkè-Ìlá (the paramount king of the consolidated city-state), and the holder of the Ọbaálá title automatically becomes regent king on the demise of any reigning Ọ̀ràngún of Òkè-Ìlá, and he rules until the next Ọ̀ràngún is installed.
[edit] Modern Status and Role
The Ọba'lúmọ̀'s original Ìsẹ̀dó city-state has been virtually engulfed by the modern Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, but the clan has maintained the royal title of Ọba'lúmọ̀ in the traditional establishment. The modern Ọba'lúmọ̀ territory which is now enclosed within Ìlá Òràngún, has about thirteen various sub-clans (or mega-family) compounds. The Ọba'lúmọ̀ clan at Ila has, as with the branch of the clan in Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, has maintained traditions and festivals that go back about ten centuries to the founding of Ìsẹ̀dó, as well as to their original homeland at Ọ̀bà.
In the consolidated Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún state, due to the local crises engendered by the series of wars among the Yoruba in the 19th century, the Ìsẹ̀dó clan did not fill the Ọba'lúmọ̀ title for more than a century before the current one that was installed January 17, 2003. The clan's oral historians summarily attribute the long interregnum to a shortfall in the clan's male population (possibly due to the frequent wars and slave raids which necessitated the temporary relocation of the consolidated Oke-Ila kingdom to Omi-Ọṣun) and the consequent dearth of suitable candidates. As to why the holder of the Ọbaálá title had not continued the past practice of taking the additional royal title of Ọba'lúmọ̀, the clan's oral historians indicate that there was a shortage of the required retinue of palace servants that were to be dedicated to fulfil the numerous royal restrictions, ritual observances, ritual avoidances, ceremonies and royal etiquettes of the holder of the Ọba'lúmọ̀ title, such as his daily-fresh drinking water (to be fetched at dawn by young women in virtual-nudity wearing only heavy beads around their waists), the ceremonial etiquette for the preparation and serving of the Ọbaálá's meals (in absolute silence), and various other ceremonial routines and rituals of Ìsẹ̀dó royalty. However, another likely reason for this long interregnum (judging from oral historians accounts of events), is perhaps connected with the internal strife, dissension and conspiracies in the consolidated Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún kingdom (possibly caused or exacerbated by the external pressures of military attacks and aggression from neighbouring polities) which led to the alleged assassination at the war-front, of Páko, the clan's [designate]/candidate for the Ọbaálá title (and possibly also for Ọba'lúmọ̀ royal title) by a treacherous faction of Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngúntroops during the most recent relocation of the consolidated kingdom to Omi-Ọsun.
In modern times, the monarchs of the Ìsẹ̀dó clans of the modern Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún and Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, (the two extant Ọba'lúmọ̀ royal titles), work cooperatively with the two paramount kings, (the Ọ̀ràngún of Òkè-Ìlá and the Ọ̀ràngún of Ìlá), for the development and traditional governance of their various consolidated city-states, while maintaining as much as practicable, their own ancient royal traditions, the customs and the practices of their original kingdoms, both earlier at their Ọ̀bà homeland and later at Ìsẹ̀dó.
The current Ọba'lúmọ̀ of the Ìsẹ̀dó kingdom at Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún, (monarch of the Ìsẹ̀dó kingdom at its original site, now almost enclosed within the modern Ìlá Òràngún), is His Royal Highness, Oyèdèjì Àjídé, while the current Ọba'lúmọ̀ of the émigré Ìsẹ̀dó kingdom in Òkè-Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún (monarch of the relocated segment of the Ìsẹ̀dó kingdom , also referred to as Ọba'lúmọ̀ of Òkè-Ìlá since the consolidation), is His Royal Highness, Dr. Olúfẹ́mi Ọládàpọ̀ Babalọlá.
