Northern Parula

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Northern Parula

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Parula
Species: P. americana
Binomial name
Parula americana
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Northern Parula, Parula americana, is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida.

This species is migratory, wintering in the southern Florida, Central America and the West Indies. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

The Northern Parula is 11 cm long and has mainly gray upperparts, with a greenish back patch and two white wingbars. The breast is yellowish shading into the white belly. The summer male has bluish and rufous breast bands and prominent white eye crescents. Females are duller and lack the breast bands.

The breeding habitat is humid woodland with growths of Old Man's Beard lichen or Spanish moss. Northern Parulas nest in trees in clumps of these mosses, laying 3-7 eggs in a scantily-lined cup nest.

These birds feed on insects and spiders. Their song is a click-like trill or buzz, zeeeeee-yip. Their call is a soft chip.

Contents

[edit] References

[edit] External Links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Moldenhauer, R. R., and D. J. Regelski. 1996. Northern Parula (Parula americana). In The Birds of North America, No. 215 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

[edit] Thesis

  • Baltz ME. Ph.D. (2000). The nonbreeding season ecology of neotropical migratory birds in the dry zone of Puerto Rico. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States -- Missouri.
  • Barrow WC, Jr. Ph.D. (1990). Ecology of small insectivorous birds in a bottomland hardwood forest. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States -- Louisiana.
  • Moorman CE. Ph.D. (1999). Relationships between artificially created gaps and breeding birds in a southeastern bottomland forest. Clemson University, United States -- South Carolina.

[edit] Articles

  • Annand EM & Thompson FR, III. (1997). Forest bird response to regeneration practices in central hardwood forests. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 61, no 1. p. 159-171.
  • Askins RA & Ewert DN. (1991). Impact of Hurricane Hugo on Bird Populations on St. John Us Virgin Islands. Biotropica. vol 23, no 4 PART A. p. 481-487.
  • Barrowclough GF & Corbin KW. (1978). Genetic Variation and Differentiation in the Parulidae. Auk. vol 95, no 4. p. 691-702.
  • Bay MD. (1999). Notes on the singing behavior and use of atypical songs in the Northern Parula warbler, Parula americana (Aves: Emberizidae). Texas Journal of Science. vol 51, no 1. p. 20-24.
  • Bay MD. (1999). A review of the behavior and ecology of the Northern Parula (Parula americana) with notes from Oklahoma and Texas. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. vol 79, p. 33-40.
  • Bay MD. (1999). The type B song of the Northern Parula: Structure and geographic variation along proposed sub-species boundaries. Wilson Bulletin. vol 111, no 4. p. 505-514.
  • Bosque C & Lentino M. (1987). The Passage of North American Migratory Land Birds through Xerophytic Habitats on the Western Coast of Venezuela. Biotropica. vol 19, no 3. p. 267-273.
  • Bub BR, Flaspohler DJ & Huckins CJF. (2004). Riparian and upland breeding-bird assemblages along headwater streams in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 68, no 2. p. 383-392.
  • Collins SL, James FC & Risser PG. (1982). Habitat Relationships of Wood Warblers Parulidae in Northern Central Minnesota USA. Oikos. vol 39, no 1. p. 50-58.
  • Conner RN & Dickson JG. (1997). Relationships between bird communities and forest age, structure, species composition and fragmentation in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Texas Journal of Science. vol 49, no 3 SUPPL. p. 123-138.
  • Ewert DN & Askins RA. (1991). Flocking Behavior of Migratory Warblers in Winter in the Virgin Islands. Condor. vol 93, no 4. p. 864-868.
  • Ferguson RS. (1981). Summer Birds of the Northwest Angle Provincial Forest and Adjacent Southeastern Manitoba Canada. Syllogeus. vol 31, p. 1-23.
  • Girard C, Darveau M, Savard J-PL & Huot J. (2004). Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 34, no 9. p. 1895-1907.
  • Graves GR. (1993). A new intergeneric wood warbler hybrid (Parula americana X Dendroica coronata) (Aves: Fringillidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. vol 106, no 2. p. 402-409.
  • Heckscher CM. (2000). Forest-dependent birds of the Great Cypress (North Pocomoke) Swamp: Species composition and implications for conservation. Northeastern Naturalist. vol 7, no 2. p. 113-130.
  • Johnson WNJ & Brown PW. (1990). Avian Use of a Lakeshore Buffer Strip and an Undisturbed Lakeshore in Maine USA. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. vol 7, no 3. p. 114-117.
  • Kilgo JC, Sargent RA, Chapman BR & Miller KV. (1998). Effect of stand width and adjacent habitat on breedig bird communities in bottomland hardwoods. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 62, no 1. p. 72-83.
  • Lemon RE, Struger J & Lechowicz MJ. (1983). Song Features as Species Discriminants in American Warblers Parulidae. Condor. vol 85, no 3. p. 308-322.
  • Lopez Ornat A & Greenberg R. (1990). Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico. Auk. vol 107, no 3. p. 539-543.
  • Moldenhauer RR. (1992). Two Song Populations of the Northern Parula. Auk. vol 109, no 2. p. 215-222.
  • Moorman CE & Guynn DC, Jr. (2001). Effects of group-selection opening size on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland forest. Ecological Applications. vol 11, no 6. p. 1680-1691.
  • Morgan K & Freedman B. (1985). Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 4. p. 506-519.
  • Morse DH. (1977). The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds. Condor. vol 79, no 4. p. 399-412.
  • Morse DH. (1989). Song Patterns of Warblers at Dawn and Dusk. Wilson Bulletin. vol 101, no 1. p. 26-35.
  • Pashley DN. (1988). Warblers of the West Indies Ii. the Western Caribbean. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol 24, no 3-4. p. 112-126.
  • Pashley DN & Hamilton RB. (1990). Warblers of the West Indies Iii. the Lesser Antilles. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol 26, no 3-4. p. 75-97.
  • Patten MA & Marantz CA. (1996). Implications of vagrant southeastern vireos and warblers in California. Auk. vol 113, no 4. p. 911-923.
  • Ports MA. (1981). Miscellaneous Summer Records of Birds from Southwestern Kansas USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 84, no 2. p. 109-114.
  • Regelski DJ & Moldenhauer RR. (1996). Discrimination between regional song forms in the Northern Parula. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 2. p. 335-341.
  • Staicer CA. (1992). Social Behavior of the Northern Parula Cape May Warbler and Prairie Warbler Wintering in Second-Growth Forest in Southwestern Puerto Rico. In Hagan, J M Iii and D W Johnston (Ed) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds; Symposium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, December 6-9, 1989 Xiii+609p Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, DC, USA; London, England, Uk Illus Maps 308-320, 1992.
  • Torres AR & Leberg PL. (1996). Initial changes in habitat and abundance of cavity-nesting birds and the Northern Parula following Hurricane Andrew. Condor. vol 98, no 3. p. 483-490.
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