Northeast Blackout of 2003

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The Northeast Blackout of 2003 was a massive power outage that occurred throughout parts of the northeastern United States and Ontario on Thursday, August 14, 2003. Although not affecting as many people as the later 2003 Italy blackout, it was the largest blackout in North American history. It affected an estimated 10 million people in the province of Ontario (about one-third of the population of Canada), and 40 million people in eight U.S. states (about one-seventh of the population of the U.S.). Outage-related financial losses were estimated at $6 billion USD ($6.8 billion CDN).

Contents 1 Immediate impact 2 Media coverage and official reports 2.1 Statements made in the aftermath 3 Causes 3.1 Background 3.2 Investigation efforts 3.3 Findings 3.3.1 Computer Failure 3.4 Sequence of events 4 Effects 4.1 Affected infrastructure 4.1.1 Power generation 4.1.2 Water supply 4.1.3 Transportation 4.1.4 Communication 4.1.5 Industry 4.1.6 Looting 4.2 By region 4.2.1 New York, USA 4.2.2 New Jersey, USA 4.2.3 Connecticut, USA 4.2.4 Massachusetts, USA 4.2.5 Michigan, USA 4.2.6 Ohio, USA 4.2.7 Ontario, Canada 5 Emergency Services 5.1 Fatalities 5.2 Long term effects 6 Restoration of service 7 Trivia and popular culture 8 See also 9 External links 9.1 News stories 9.2 Other links

[edit] Immediate impact

According to system logs, a massive power fluctuation affected the transmission grid at 4:10:48 p.m. EDT. Between 4:12 and 4:15 p.m. EDT, outages were initially reported in Cleveland, Toledo, New York City, Buffalo, Albany, Detroit, and parts of New Jersey. This was followed by other areas initially unaffected, including all five boroughs of New York City and parts of Long Island, Westchester County, Rockland County, New Jersey, Vermont, Connecticut, and most of Southern and Northeastern Ontario, including Toronto, Ottawa, Kingston, Sudbury, Kitchener, London and Windsor. It was estimated that the blackout covered an area of roughly 9,300 square miles (24,000 square kilometers). Eventually a large, somewhat triangular area bounded by Lansing, Michigan, Sault Ste. Marie, the shore of James Bay, Ottawa, metropolitan New York and Toledo were left without power. According to the official analysis of the blackout prepared by the US and Canadian governments, more than 508 generating units at 265 power plants shut down during the outage. 22 of these were nuclear power plants.

Within the large area affected, only a little over 200,000 people in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, the portion of New York State north and west of Albany, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan continued to have power while the entire surrounding area dropped off the power grid. This was due to the action of transmission circuit protective devices at Sir Adam Beck Generating Station in Niagara Falls, at a switching station in Cornwall, and in central New York State, that arrested the collapse of this portion of the grid.

Some essential services remained in operation in most of these areas, although backup generation in some cities was not up to the task. The phone systems remained operational in most areas; however, the increased demand by people phoning home left many circuits overloaded. Water systems in several cities lost pressure forcing boil water advisory. Cellular telephones experienced significant service disruptions as cellular transmission towers were overloaded with the sudden increase in volume of calls. Major cellular providers continued to operate on standby generator power. Television and radio stations mostly remained on the air with the help of backup generators which remained online throughout the blackout.

It was a seasonally hot day (over 31°C or 88°F, and even higher in some places) across much of the affected regions. The heat played multiple, minor roles in the initial events that triggered the wider regional power outage. The high temperature caused power lines to sag and energy demand to increase as people across the region turned to fans and air conditioning to beat the heat. When the outage knocked out air conditioning, buildings became hot and tempers frayed. However, there was not the huge surge in crime which had been feared by many, including law enforcement agencies.

In areas where power remained off after nightfall, the Milky Way and orbiting artificial satellites became visible to the naked eye in metropolitan areas where they cannot ordinarily be seen due to the effects of light pollution.

Most interstate passenger rail transport in the affected areas was shut down, and the power outage's impact on international air transport and financial markets was widespread. Meanwhile, the reliability and vulnerability of all electrical power grids was called into question.

[edit] Media coverage and official reports

In the United States and Canada, the regional blackout dominated news broadcasts and news headlines beginning August 15. U.S. and Canadian broadcast media pre-empted normal programming in favor of full-time, commercial-free coverage of the unfolding story. Once terrorism had been conclusively ruled out as a cause, many stations switched back to normal programming following an 8:30 p.m. EDT address by President George W. Bush. National news stations, such as CBC and CNN, continued to cover the story by inviting politicians and electrical experts to discuss the situation and ways to prevent blackouts. Internationally, coverage of the story focused on the development of the situation in New York City.

More than two days later, the cause of the blackout was officially still under investigation, but the possibility of a terrorist attack had been uniformly dismissed only 20 minutes into the blackout.

[edit] Statements made in the aftermath

During the first two hours of the event, various officials offered speculative explanations as to its root cause:

• Official reports from the office of Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien stated that lightning had struck a power plant in northern New York, resulting in a cascading failure of the surrounding power grid and wide-area electric power transmission grid. However, power officials in the State of New York responded by stating that the problem did not originate in the United States, that there was no rain storm in the area where the lightning strike was supposed to have taken place and that the power plant in question remained in operation throughout the blackout.
• Canadian Defence Minister John McCallum blamed an outage at a nuclear plant in Pennsylvania, but that state's authorities reported that all the plants were functioning normally. McCallum later stated that his sources had given him incorrect information.
• CNN cited unnamed officials as saying that the Niagara-Mohawk power grid, which provides power for large portions of New York and parts of Canada, was overloaded. Between 4:10 and 4:13 p.m. EDT, 21 power stations throughout that grid shut down.
• New Mexico governor Bill Richardson, who formerly headed the Department of Energy, in a live television interview 2 hours into the blackout characterized the United States as "a superpower with a third-world electricity grid". In Europe this statement was published accompanied with comparisons highlighting the tighter, safer and better interconnected European electricity network (though it would suffer a similar blackout six weeks later).
• In the ensuing days, various critics focused on the role of electricity market deregulation for the inadequate state of the electric power transmission grid, claiming that deregulation laws and electricity market mechanisms have failed to provide market participants with sufficient incentives to construct new transmission lines and maintain system security.
• Later that night, claims surfaced that the blackout may have started in Ohio up to one hour before the network shut down, a claim denied by Ohio's FirstEnergy utility.
• The president of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) said that the problem originated in Ohio. [1]
• As of Saturday morning, investigators believed that the problem began with a sudden shift in the direction of power flow on the northern portion of the Lake Erie Transmission Loop, a system of transmission lines that circles Lake Erie on both U.S. and Ontario soil.

[edit] Causes

[edit] Background

Electrical power cannot easily be stored over extended periods of time, and is generally consumed less than a second after being produced. The demand load on any power grid must be matched by the supply to it and its ability to transmit that power. Any great overload of a power line, or underload / overload of a generator, can cause hard-to-repair and costly damage, so the power grid is disconnected if a serious imbalance is detected.

Power lines normally grow longer and sag between their towers when they get hotter as they carry more power, reaching a designed lowest height above the ground at a specified power level. To prevent the sagging lines from coming too close to trees and causing a short circuit, the trees are pruned, often on a five-year cycle. If the lines touch the trees, they are disconnected by systems which detect the sudden change in power flow from the short circuit.

These power changes from a line going out of service can sometimes cause cascading failures in the areas around them as other parts of the system see the fluctuations. These are normally controlled by delays built into the shutdown processes and by robust power networks with many alternative paths for power to take, which has the effect of reducing the size of the ripples. The borders of the blacked out areas on August 14th were where the blackout areas encountered systems with more spare capacity.

The operators of the power system control center are responsible for ensuring that they balance the supply of power, the loads (customers demanding that power), and the transmission line capacity, so that their system is in a state where no single fault can cause it to fail. After a failure affecting their system, operators are required within thirty minutes to obtain more power from generators or other regions or to shed load (meaning cut power to some areas), until they can be sure that the worst remaining possible failure anywhere in the system won't cause an unplanned system collapse. In an emergency they are expected immediately to shed load as required to bring things into balance.

To assist the operators there are computer systems, with backups, which issue alarms when there are faults on the transmission or generation system. They also have power flow modeling tools which let them analyze what is currently happening on their network, predict whether any parts of it may be overloaded, and predict what the worst possible failure left is, so that they can change the power generation load or transmission to prevent a failure should this situation occur. If the computer systems and their backups fail, the operators are required to monitor the grid manually, instead of relying on computer alerts. If they cannot interpret the current state of the power grid in such an event, they are to invoke a contingent operational pattern. If there is a failure, they are also required to notify adjacent areas which may be affected, so those can predict the possible effects on their own systems.

Backing up the local operators are regional coordinating centers which bring together information from adjacent areas and perform further checks on the system, looking for possible failures and alerting operators in different systems to them.

[edit] Investigation efforts

A joint federal task force was formed by the governments of Canada and the U.S. to oversee the investigation and report directly to Ottawa and Washington. The task force was led by then-Canadian Natural Resource Minister Herb Dhaliwal and U.S. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham.

In addition to determining the initial cause of the cascading failure, the investigation of the incident also included an examination of why safeguards designed to prevent a repetition of the Northeast Blackout of 1965 failed. Issues of failure to maintain the electrical infrastructure, failure of upgrading to so-called "smart cables", failure of shunting and rerouting mechanisms, AC vs. DC intersystem ties, and substitution of electricity market forces for central planning were expected to arise. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation, a joint Canada-U.S. council, is responsible for dealing with these issues.

Despite the absence of any indication of terrorism or sabotage, and days before terrorist claims were made, the United States Department of Homeland Security immediately started a separate investigation of its own.

[edit] Findings

In February 2004, the U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force released their final report, placing the main cause of the blackout on FirstEnergy Corporation's failure to trim trees in part of its Ohio service area. The report said that a generating plant in Eastlake, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, went off-line amid high electrical demand, and strained high-voltage power lines later went out of service when they came in contact with "overgrown trees". The cascading effect that resulted ultimately forced the shutdown of more than 100 power plants. [2]

[edit] Computer Failure

The Task Force also found that FirstEnergy did not take remedial action or warn other control centers until it was too late because of a computer software bug in General Electric Energy's Unix-based XA/21 system [3] that prevented alarms from showing on their control system [4]. This alarm system stalled because of a race condition bug [5]. After the alarm system failed silently without being noticed by the operators, unprocessed events (that had to be checked for an alarm) started to queue up and the primary server failed within 30 minutes. Then all applications (including the stalled alarm system) were automatically transferred to the backup server, which also failed due to the same reason as the primary one. After this time (14:54), all energy management applications on these two servers stopped working [6]. Another effect of the failing servers was that the screen refresh rate of the operators' computer consoles slowed down from 1-3 seconds to 59 seconds per screen.

[edit] Sequence of events

Blackout sequence of events, August 14, 2003 [7][8], times in EDT

• 12:15 p.m. Inaccurate data input renders a system monitoring tool in Ohio ineffective.

• 1:31 p.m. The Eastlake, Ohio, generating plant shuts down. The plant is owned by FirstEnergy, a company that had experienced extensive recent maintenance problems, including a major nuclear-plant incident in 1985.

• 2:02 p.m. First 345-kV line in Ohio fails due to contact with a tree in Walton Hills, Ohio.[9][10]
• 2:14 p.m. An alarm system fails at FirstEnergy's control room and is not repaired.
• 2:27 p.m. A second 345-kV line fails due to a tree.

• 3:05 p.m. A 345-kV transmission line fails in Parma, south of Cleveland due to a tree.
• 3:17 p.m. Voltage dips temporarily on the Ohio portion of the grid. Controllers take no action, but power shifted by the first failure onto another 345-kV power line causes it to sag into a tree at 3:32 p.m., bringing it offline as well. While Mid West ISO and FirstEnergy controllers try to understand the failures, they fail to inform system controllers in nearby states.
• 3:39 p.m. A FirstEnergy 138-kV line fails.
• 3:41 and 3:46 p.m. Two breakers connecting FirstEnergy’s grid with American Electric Power are tripped as a 345-kV power line and 15 138-kV lines fail in northern Ohio. Later analysis suggests that this could have been the last possible chance to save the grid if controllers had cut off power to Cleveland at this time.

• 4:06 p.m. A sustained power surge on some Ohio lines begins an uncontrollable cascade after another 345-kV line fails.
• 4:09:02 p.m. Voltage sags deeply as Ohio draws 2 GigaWatts of power from Michigan.
• 4:10:34 p.m. Many transmission lines trip out, first in Michigan and then in Ohio, blocking the eastward flow of power. Generators go down, creating a huge power deficit. In seconds, power surges out of the east, tripping east coast generators to protect them, and the blackout is on.
• 4:10:37 p.m. The eastern Michigan grid disconnects from the western part of the state.
• 4:10:38 p.m. Cleveland separates from the Pennsylvania grid.
• 4:10:39 p.m. 3.7 GW power flows from the east through Ontario to southern Michigan and northern Ohio, more than ten times larger than the condition 30 seconds earlier, causing a voltage drop across the system.
• 4:10:40 p.m. Flow flips to 2 GW eastward from Michigan through Ontario, then flips westward again in a half second.
• 4:10:43 p.m. International connections begin failing.
• 4:10:45 p.m. Western Ontario separates from the east when a power line north of Lake Superior disconnects. The first Ontario plants go offline in response to the unstable system.
• 4:10:46 p.m. New York separates from the New England grid.
• 4:10:50 p.m. Ontario separates from the western New York grid.
• 4:11:57 p.m. The last lines between Michigan and Ontario fail.
• 4:12:03 p.m. Windsor, Ontario and surrounding areas drop off the grid.
• 4:13 p.m. End of cascade. 256 power plants are off-line. 85% went offline after the grid separations occurred, most of them on automatic controls.

[edit] Effects

Population of Major Cities affected at a glance

City	Number of people affected
New York City and Surrounding Areas	21,100,000
Greater Toronto Area	5,600,000
Detroit and Surrounding Areas	5,400,000
Cleveland	2,900,000
Ottawa	780,000 of 1,120,000*
Buffalo and Surrounding Areas	1,100,000
Rochester	1,050,000
Hamilton	680,000
London, ON	350,000
Toledo	310,000
Windsor	208,000
Estimated Total [11]	50,000,000
*Ottawa-Hull is a special case in that it is divided by a provincial boundary and the Ontario and Québec grids are not interconnected in any way. Gatineau had power. One may have seen the drastic cutoff of areas still having power when they were crossing the Portage Bridge between Gatineau and Ottawa - the cutoff was at the provincial line (lights on the bridge were still on in the Quebec side.)

[edit] Affected infrastructure

[edit] Power generation

With the power fluctuations on the grid, power plants automatically went into "safe mode" to prevent damage in the case of an overload. This put much of the nuclear power normally available offline until those plants could be slowly taken out of "safe mode." In the meantime, the coal and oil fired plants were brought online, bringing some electrical power availability to the area by the morning of the 15th. Homes and businesses both in the affected area and in nearby areas were requested to limit power usage until the grid was back to full power.

[edit] Water supply

Some areas lost water pressure because pumps didn't have power. This loss of pressure caused potential contamination of the water supply. Four million customers of the Detroit water system in eight counties were under a boil water advisory until August 18. One county, Macomb, ordered all 2,300 restaurants closed until they were decontaminated after the advisory was lifted. Twenty people living on the St. Clair River claim to have been sickened after bathing in the river during the blackout. The accidental release of 140 kg (310 lb) of vinyl chloride from a Sarnia, Ontario chemical plant was not revealed until five days later. Cleveland also lost water pressure and instituted a boil water advisory. Cleveland and New York had sewage spills into waterways, requiring beach closures. Kingston lost power to sewage pumps, causing raw waste to be dumped into the Cataraqui River at the base of the Rideau Canal.

[edit] Transportation

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad service was stopped north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and all trains running into and out of New York City were shut down, initially including the Long Island Rail Road and the Metro-North Railroad; both were able to establish a bare-bones "all-diesel" service by the next morning. Canada's VIA Rail, which services Toronto and Montreal, suffered service delays, but most routes were still running, and normal service was resumed on most VIA routes by the next morning.

Passenger screenings at affected airports ceased. Regional airports were shut down for this reason. In New York, flights were cancelled even after power had been restored to the airports because of difficulties accessing "electronic-ticket" information. Air Canada flights remained grounded on the morning of the 15th due to reliable power not having been restored to its Mississauga, Ontario, control center. It expected to resume operations by midday. This problem affected all Air Canada service and cancelled the most heavily traveled flights to Halifax and Vancouver.

Many gas stations were unable to pump fuel due to lack of electricity. In North Bay, Ontario, for instance, a long line of transport trucks was held up, unable to go further west to Manitoba without refueling. In some cities, traffic problems were compounded by motorists who simply drove until their cars ran out of gas on the highway. Gas stations operating in pockets of Burlington, Ontario, that had power were reported to be charging prices up to 99.9 cents/liter when the going rate prior to the blackout was lower than 70 cents/liter. Customers still lined up for hours to pay prices most people considered unjustified by the blackout. Although part of the price hike was arguably due to price gouging, station operators could also claim that they had a limited supply of gasoline and did not know when their tanks would be refilled, prompting the drastic price increases.

Many oil refineries on the East Coast of the United States shut down as a result of the blackout, and were slow to resume gasoline production. As a result, gasoline prices were expected to rise approximately 10 cents/gallon (3 c/L) in the United States. In Canada, gasoline rationing was also considered by the authorities.

[edit] Communication

Many people were very surprised to find that (unlike wired telephones) cellular communication devices were disrupted. This was mainly due to the loss of backup power at the cellular sites where generators ran out of fuel or cell phone batteries ran out of charge. Wired telephone lines continued to work, although some systems were overwhelmed by the volume of traffic, and millions of home users had only cordless telephones depending on house current. Many people who in prior blackouts would have relied on transistor radios for news discovered to some dismay that they no longer had one, having long since replaced them with portable CD players and other such devices. Most New York and many Ontario radio stations were momentarily knocked off the air but were able to return with backup power.

Cable television systems were disabled, and areas that had power restored (and had power to their television sets) could not receive information until power had also been restored to the cable provider. Those who relied on the Internet were similarly disconnected from their news source for the duration of the blackout, with the exception of dialup access from laptop computers, which was widely reported to work until the battery would run out of charge.

Amateur radio operators came in to pass emergency communications during the blackout. [12]

[edit] Industry

Large numbers of factories were closed in the affected area and others outside the area were forced to close or slow work because of supply problems and the need to conserve energy while the grid was being stabilized. At one point a 7-hour wait developed for trucks crossing the Ambassador Bridge between Detroit and Windsor due to the lack of electronic border check systems. Freeway congestion in affected areas affected the "just-in-time" supply system. Some industry including the auto industry did not return to full production until August 22.

[edit] Looting

Incidents of looting were reported in Ottawa, Ontario (notably in the suburb of Orleans where it appeared to be systematic) and Brooklyn, New York. Overall, there was only a small fraction of the looting and general civic disturbance seen in the New York City blackout of 1977.

[edit] By region

[edit] New York, USA

Almost the entire state of New York lost power. Exceptions include a few places on Long Island that relied on localized power plants; the southernmost areas of the Southern Tier of Upstate New York that relied on power from Pennsylvania; the city of Plattsburgh; Starrett City, Brooklyn which has auxiliary power; most of the city of Buffalo; and pockets of Amherst, in the Buffalo area, running off University power. There were also some small pockets of power in the suburbs of Rochester, as a few smaller power companies operating in those areas were able to keep running. Power was lost at the Oak Hill Country Club, in nearby Pittsford, New York, where the PGA Championship was being played -- which caused minor interruptions to the tournament. In New York, all prisons were blacked out and switched to generator power. The two Indian Point nuclear reactors on the Hudson River near Peekskill, the two reactors at Nine Mile Point nuclear plant, the single reactor at Ginna nuclear plant near Rochester and the FitzPatrick reactor near Oswego all shut down. With three other nuclear plants shutdown in Ohio, Michigan, and New Jersey, a total of nine reactors were impacted. The governor of New York State, George Pataki, declared a state of emergency.

Manhattan, including Wall Street and the United Nations, was completely shut down, as were all area airports, and all New York area rail transportation including the subway, the PATH lines between Manhattan and New Jersey, Metro North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road. Hundreds of people were trapped in elevators; by late evening the New York City Fire Department had reportedly confirmed that all stalled elevators in approximately 800 Manhattan high-rise office and apartment buildings had been cleared. More than 600 subway and commuter rail cars were trapped between stations; the NY State Metropolitan Transportation Authority and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey—which operates the PATH lines—reported that all passengers were evacuated without serious injury. However, PATH was first to resume subway service on Sixth Avenue (albeit on 15-minute headways) by 6PM that evening.

Without traffic lights, a gridlock was reported as persons in lower and midtown Manhattan fled their offices on foot; for hours into the evening the streets, highways, bridges and tunnels were jammed with traffic and pedestrians leaving Manhattan, though many civilians opted to help direct traffic. The bus journey from Manhattan to Washington which normally takes four hours took more than eight hours with reports that it took four hours just to get out of Manhattan. Mayor Michael Bloomberg advised residents to open their windows, drink plenty of liquids to avoid heat stroke in the heat, and not to forget their pets. Temperatures were 92°F (33°C) with high humidity, as New York had just experienced a record-breaking rain spell that had started at the end of July. With cell phone operation mostly stalled by circuit overloads, New Yorkers were lining up 10 deep or more at pay phones as ordinary telephone service remained largely unaffected.

While some commuters were able to find alternate sleeping arrangements, many were left stranded in New York and slept in parks and on the steps of public buildings. While practically all businesses and retail establishments closed down, many bars and pubs reported a brisk business as some New Yorkers took the opportunity to spend the evening "enjoying" the blackout. Since most perishable items were going to spoil anyway, many restaurants and citizens simply prepared what they could and served it to anyone who wanted it, leading to vast block parties in many New York neighborhoods.

40,000 police and the entire fire department were called in to maintain order. At least two fatalities were linked to the use of flames to provide light, and many nonfatal fires also resulted from the use of candles. The City's Office of Emergency Management activated the City's Emergency Operations Center, from which more than 70 agencies coordinated response efforts which included delivery of portable light towers to unlit intersections, generators and diesel fuel to hospitals, and a portable steam generator necessary to power air conditioning units at the American Stock Exchange.

Verizon's emergency generators failed several times, leaving the emergency services number 9-1-1 out of service for several periods of about a quarter hour each. The City's 311 information hotline received over 175,000 calls from concerned residents during the weekend. Amateur radio operators attached to New York City ARES provided a backup communications link to emergency shelters and hospitals. Amateur radio repeaters were supplied with emergency power via generators and batteries and remained functional.

Many major U.S Networks (i.e CBS, NBC, ABC, and FOX), and some cable TV Networks like HBO, MTV, and Nickelodeon were mostly unable to broadcast because of the lack of electricity in the New York area, however a back-up station in Dallas, Texas and flagship transmitters there made it possible for prime-time television to be broadcast. (ABC however chose not to do that and decided to cover the news from Washington DC during the blackout).

For delayed effects at Niagara Falls, see below under Ontario.

[edit] New Jersey, USA

Affected areas included most of Hudson, Essex, Union, Passaic and Bergen Counties, including the major cities of Paterson, and Newark although some sections of Newark and East Orange still had power. Power was returned first to the urban areas because of concerns of safety and unrest. Counties as far south as Monmouth were affected, but power was restored within an hour.

The day following the blackout, August 15, the New Jersey Turnpike stopped collecting tolls until 9:00 a.m.

[edit] Connecticut, USA

Parts of New London, Hartford, New Haven, Litchfield and Fairfield Counties, from Greenwich to Danbury and Bridgeport, were affected, although most of the state had power all evening, aside from a few momentary interruptions that caused computers to reboot. Metro North trains stopped, and remained on the tracks for hours, until they could be towed to the nearest station. Generally, most of the state east of Interstate 91, and some places west of I-91, had power during the duration of the blackout, with some of New Haven's eastern suburbs being seen as the easternmost extreme of the effects of the blackout.

A local controversy ensued in the days after the blackout, when the Federal government ordered the HVDC Cross Sound Cable between New Haven and Long Island turned on. This cable had been installed, but had not been activated due to environmental and fisheries concerns. The Attorney General of Connecticut, Richard Blumenthal, and the Governor of New York, George Pataki, traded insults over the cable. Most Connecticut politicians expressed their outrage that the cable was being turned on, since it did not help anyone in Connecticut, as the cable would transport power from Connecticut to Long Island.

[edit] Massachusetts, USA

A small area of extreme western Massachusetts was affected. Worcester endured power dips sufficient to reboot some computers, but was otherwise unaffected.

[edit] Michigan, USA

About 2.3 million households and businesses, which included almost all of Metro Detroit as well as Lansing, Ann Arbor, and surrounding communities in southeast Michigan were affected. TV stations were temporarily knocked off the air and water supplies were disrupted in Detroit due to the failure of electric pumps. Because of the loss of water pressure all water was required to be boiled before use until August 18. Several schools which had planned to begin the school year August 18 were closed until clean water was available. A Marathon Oil refinery in Melvindale near Detroit suffered a small explosion from gas buildup, necessitating an evacuation within one mile around the plant and the closure of Interstate 75. Officials feared the release of toxic gases. Heavy rains on Friday coupled with the lack of sewage pumps closed other expressways and prompted urban flood warnings. Untreated sewage flowed into local rivers in Lansing and Metropolitan Detroit as contingency solutions at some sewage treatment plants failed. In the midst of a summer heat wave, Michiganders were deprived of air conditioning. Several people, mostly elderly individuals, had to be treated for symptoms of heat stroke.

[edit] Ohio, USA

Over 540,000 homes and businesses were without power. In Cleveland, water service stopped because the city is supplied by electric pumps and backup electricity was available only on a very limited basis. Portions of the cities of Akron, Mansfield, Marion and Ashland were without power. Cleveland declared a curfew on all persons under the age of 18. At Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, park employees had to help guests walk down the steps of the 200-foot-tall Magnum XL-200 rollercoaster, which had stopped on the lift hill due to the blackout.

[edit] Ontario, Canada

Traffic lights, the subway and streetcars, the Toronto Stock Exchange, and CBC's Toronto studios were shut down in Toronto. (CBC switched to its backup studios in both Calgary and Vancouver for coverage because newsgathering in Toronto was extremely difficult due to limited power in the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. CBC.ca remained online during the blackout as it was protected by UPS systems.) Many passengers had to be evacuated from subway trains by walking through the tunnels. Major Toronto hospitals reported that they had switched to generators and hadn't experienced problems. The 9-1-1 system was operational. Highway 407, the world's first all-electronic toll highway, was gridlocked with passengers hoping to get a free ride.^{[citation needed]} Parliament Hill was evacuated in Ottawa.

Toronto officials were asking residents to curtail unnecessary use of water, as the pumps were not working and there was only a 24-hour supply.

Traffic lights, having no backup power, were all knocked out. Coupled with the beginning of the evening rush hour, this caused traffic chaos. In many major and minor intersections in both large and small cities, such as Toronto and Burlington, ordinary citizens began directing traffic until police or others relieved them. Since there were not enough police officers to direct traffic at every intersection during the afternoon rush hour, passing police officers distributed fluorescent jackets to people who were directing traffic. Drivers and pedestrians generally followed the instructions from them even though they were not police officers.

Fierce disruptions of truck traffic in northeastern Ontario were reported due to the unavailability of fuel, including the backlog near North Bay. The tunnel and bridge between Windsor and Detroit were also closed, with the bridge's pillars illuminated by emergency floodlights, as to not pose a shipping and airplane hazard.

About 140 miners were marooned underground in the Falconbridge mine in Sudbury when the power went out. Mine officials said that they were safe and could be evacuated if necessary, but were not being evacuated due to the risks of doing so with no power. They were safely evacuated by the morning. In Sarnia, a refinery scrubber lost power and released above-normal levels of pollution; residents were asked to close their windows.

In the evening of August 14, Ontario premier Ernie Eves declared a state of emergency, advising nonessential personnel not to go to work on August 15 (a Friday). Residents were asked not to use televisions, washing machines, or air conditioners if possible, and warned that some restored power might go off again. Although the full state of emergency was lifted the next day (a Saturday), residents were warned that the normal amount of power would not be available for days, and were still asked to reduce power consumption.

The Toronto Transit Commission operated its streetcars on the Friday, but not on the weekend, and did not reactivate the subway and RT until Monday, August 18, after assurances were received that they would be exempted from any rotating blackouts that might be needed. Major events such as concerts were canceled for several days, and the opening of the Canadian National Exhibition, scheduled for the 15th, was postponed to Tuesday, August 19.

For two days of this recovery period, diversion of water from the Niagara River for hydroelectric generation was increased to the maximum level, normally used only at night and in winter, in order to maintain the scenic appearance of Niagara Falls. The resultant drop in the river level below the falls meant that the Maid of the Mist tour boats could not dock safely, and their operation had to be suspended.

The Petro-Canada refinery in Oakville had to perform an emergency shutdown due to the lack of power. The plant's flare system produced large flames during the shutdown, leading to erroneous reports in the media that there had been a fire in the plant.

[edit] Emergency Services

In New York, about 3,000 fire calls were reported, many from people using candles. Emergency services responded to 80,000 calls for help, more than double the average.

[edit] Fatalities

The blackout contributed to at least eight fatalities,

• In Ottawa, two fatalities occurred, a pedestrian hit by a car and a fire victim, although the blackout cannot be solely identified as the reason. [13]
• In Connecticut, one fatality was reported.
• In New York City, five fatalities were reported. Two were deaths from carbon monoxide, two from fire, and one as a result of a fall from a roof while breaking into a shoe store.
• In the Detroit suburb of Harper Woods, Michigan, one man was reported dead on WXYZ-TV's news from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from using a generator inside his house.

[edit] Long term effects

The Ontario government fell in a provincial election held in October 2003; power had long been a major issue. The government may have been hurt by the success of Quebec and Manitoba, which were not affected whereas Ontario was shut down. The extra publicity given to Ontario's need to import electricity from the United States, mostly due to a decision of the government not to expand the province's power generating capabilities, may also have adversely affected the Conservative government. Premier Ernie Eves' handling of the crisis was also criticized; he was not heard from until long after Mayor Bloomberg and Governor Pataki had spoken out. Due to the regular announcements he gave in the days following the blackout, Eves enjoyed a moderate increase in the polls that his party took as a sign of an opportunity to call an election they could win, however that did not prove to be the case.

In the United States, the effects may be even more profound, as the George W. Bush administration has emphasized the need for changes to the U.S. national energy policy, Critical Infrastructure Protection, and Homeland Security. During the blackout, most systems that would detect unauthorized border crossings, port landings, or detect unauthorized access to many vulnerable sites, failed. There was considerable fear that future blackouts would be exploited for terrorism. In addition, the failure highlighted the ease with which the power grid could be taken down.

[edit] Restoration of service

By evening of August 14, power had been restored to:

• Many areas of the Niagara Region in Ontario;
• Areas of the Ontario Golden Horseshoe from St. Catharines to Burlington (supplied from Niagara Falls), where power was lost for about two days.
• Parts of southwestern Ontario, particularly areas near the Bruce Nuclear Power Plant, lost power for only 4-8 hours;
• parts of London, Ontario;
• western Ottawa and Kanata;
• a portion of downtown Toronto;
• three-quarters of the million customers who had lost power in New Jersey;
• parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio.
• parts of Long Island
• Albany and its surroundings
• New London County, Connecticut

Con Edison retracted its claim that New York City would have power by 1 a.m. that night (some areas of Manhattan regained power at around 5 a.m on August 15), and Niagara Mohawk predicted that the Niagara Falls area would have to wait until 8 a.m.

By early evening, two New York airports and Cleveland airport were back in service.

Half of the affected part of Ontario had power by the morning of August 15, though even in areas where it had come back online, some services were still disrupted or running at lower levels. The last areas to regain power were usually suffering from trouble at local electrical substations that was not directly related to the blackout itself.

By August 16, power was fully restored in New York and Toronto. However, Toronto's subway and streetcars remained out of service until August 18th to prevent the possibility of equipment being stuck in awkward locations if the power was interrupted again. Power had been mostly restored in Ottawa, though authorities warned of possible additional disruptions and advised conservation as power continued to be restored to other areas. Ontarians were asked to reduce their electricity use by 50% until all generating stations could be brought back on line. Four remained out of service on the 19th. Illuminated billboards were largely dormant for the week following the blackout, and many stores had only a portion of their lights on. Those who did not engage in electricity conservation were treated with derision and scorn from fellow citizens. Among these were the news television stations that had many lights, TV screens, and sets fully working, the CHUM Network to note.

Preparations against the possible disruptions threatened by the Year 2000 problem have been credited for the installation of new electrical equipment and systems which allowed for a relatively rapid restoration of power in some areas.

[edit] Trivia and popular culture

• In the 2006 film Deja Vu an FBI special unit can see through time. However, traveling through time causes power blackouts. The film states that the Northeast Blackout of 2003 was caused by a time-travel incident.
• An advertisement in cinemas in the United Kingdom by mobile phone provider Orange referenced this blackout when asking film-goers to turn off their mobile phone.
• The Northeast Blackout of 2003 is mentioned in the video game Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory as an attack using a form of information warfare called the Masse Kernels.
• Gypsy Punk band Gogol Bordello's song Oh No was written about the Northeast Blackout of 2003.
• The last third of John Cameron Mitchell's film Shortbus takes place during the Northeast Blackout of 2003.

[edit] See also

• Power outage
• List of power outages
• New York City Blackout of 1977
• Northeast Blackout of 1965

[edit] External links

[edit] News stories

• CBC News (in-depth feature)
• NPR News (special feature)
• Cleveland Plain Dealer newspaper (in-depth section with article archive)
• Ronda Hauben: Why Was the Blackout So Widespread? (August 19, 2003)
• Dar Al Hayat: Al Qaeda claims responsibility (August 18, 2003)
• San Francisco Chronicle: Chaos theories calculate the vulnerability of megasystems (August 15, 2003)
• BBC: Blackouts cause North America chaos (August 15, 2003)
• CBC: Eastern blackout slowly lifting (August 15, 2003)
• CNN: Major power outage hits New York, other large cities (August 14, 2003)
• CBC: Blackout report blames Ohio utility (November 19, 2003)

[edit] Other links

• Pictures of Life at Times Square during the blackout
• Gothamist's wide and varied coverage, with pictures
• Map of outages (requires Flash)
• BBC: Share your experiences
• Blackout History Project
• Nine-Mile Point and Fitzpatrick reactors (EIA)
• US Canada Power System Outage Task Force Final Report
• Blackout Analysis
• NYISO Final Report on the Blackout February 2005 (PDF)