North American ice storm of 1998

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Ice Storm of 1998

An example of the damage to trees
Storm type:	Cyclonic system - mixed ice/snow/rain
Formed:	January 4, 1998
Dissipated:	January 10, 1998
Maximum amount1:	~5 inches (120 mm) (freezing rain)
Lowest pressure:	Unknown
Damages:	$5-7 billion (2005 USD)
Fatalities:	28 deaths 945 injuries
Areas affected:	Ice in Atlantic Canada, southern Quebec, eastern Ontario, northern New York and northern New England; rain/flooding in the Appalachians
1Maximum snowfall or ice accretion

The Ice storm of 1998 (also known as Ice Storm '98) was a massive ice storm that struck a relatively narrow swath of land from Eastern Ontario to southern Quebec to Nova Scotia in Canada, and bordering areas from Northern New York to Southeast Maine in the United States, in January 1998. It caused massive damage to trees and electrical infrastructure all over the area, leading to widespread power outages. Millions were left in the dark for periods varying from days to weeks, leading to more than 30 fatalities, a shut down of activities in large cities like Montreal and Ottawa and an unprecedented reconstruction effort of the power grid.

[edit] Background

Freezing rain is common in Canada and New England, generally occurring at the narrow boundary between cold air from the East and North and moist air from the South. Typically, a warm air mass will come up along the Mississippi Valley and overrun a shallow layer of cold air trapped at the surface. Such a favourable cold air damming happens with an East to North-Easterly flow in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Valleys, and along the axis of the Appalachian Mountains.

Snow is produced at upper level in such a winter storm system but it eventually melts into rain in the warm layer, above freezing temperature, associated with the overrunning. When that rain touches the ground in the cold air below, the droplets freeze on contact creating accumulations of ice. If the cold air layer is too thick, the droplets refreeze before hitting the ground and form sleet or ice pellets which are less hazardous.

The Montreal area typically receives freezing rain between 12 and 17 times a year, averaging between 45 and 65 total hours of rain. However, it usually lasts only a few hours and leaves a few millimetres of accumulations. It renders roads and sidewalks slippery, causing minor traffic collisions, but road crews use de-icing material to take care of it. Power lines and other equipment are built according to tough standards since large accumulation events happened many times prior to 1998. In Quebec, standards were reinforced after a storm left 30 to 40 millimetres (1 to 1.5 inches) of ice over Montreal in 1961.

Prior to the 1998 storm, the last major ice storm to hit Montreal (1986) deposited around 30 to 60 millimetres (1½ to 2¼ inches) of ice. However, the 1998 storm left deposits twice as thick, downing power lines all over the region, damaging most of the trees in Montreal, and leaving streets covered in a thick impassable layer of ice.

[edit] Storm description

The ice storm affected a large part of eastern Ontario, southwest Quebec, and New York state. This map shows the accumulation of freezing rain in those areas.

On January 4, 1998, an upper level low system stalled over the Great Lakes pumping warm and moist air from the Gulf of Mexico toward the upper St. Lawrence Valley. The upper flow, then turning Eastward, was bringing this air mass down toward the Bay of Fundy. At the same time, a high pressure centre was sitting further north in Labrador, keeping an Easterly flow of very cold air near the surface. For winter, an unusually strong Bermuda high pressure area was anchored over the Atlantic Ocean, which prevented these systems from moving further to the east, as most winter storms do when they pass over the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region.

A series of surface low pressure past in this circulation between January 5 and January 10, 1998. For more than 80 hours, steady freezing rain and drizzle fell over an area of several thousand square miles of Eastern Ontario, including Ottawa and Kingston, an extensive area in southern Quebec, northern New York, and northern New England, (including parts of Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine).

Further to the south, southern Ontario and western New York, as well as much of the Appalachian region from Tennessee northward, received heavy rain and severe flooding, while further east, the Canadian Maritimes mostly received heavy snow. Exacerbating the problem was a steep drop in temperature that immediately followed the passage of the freezing rain, which combined with the extreme power outages led to numerous indirect deaths due to carbon monoxide poisoning from generators and other sources as people desperately tried to remain warm.^[1]

[edit] Impact

Many power lines broke and over 1,000 pylons collapsed in chain reactions under the weight of the ice, leaving more than 4 million people without electricity, most of them in southern Quebec, western New Brunswick and eastern Ontario. At least twenty-five people died in the areas affected by the ice, primarily from hypothermia, according to Environment Canada.^[2] Twelve more deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in additional damage were caused by the flooding farther south from the same storm system.

The bridges and tunnels linking Montreal with the South Shore were closed because of concerns about weight tolerances or ice chunks falling from the superstructures. All power linkages to the island of Montreal were down for several days, disabling both of the city's water pumping stations. When power was restored, parts of Montreal remained impassable due to large chunks of ice falling from rooftops and endangering pedestrians and motorists; large portions of Old Montreal were cordoned off by police.

The area south of Montreal (Montérégie) was so affected that the triangle formed by Saint-Hyacinthe, Granby and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu was nicknamed triangle noir ("dark or black triangle") by the French-language media^[3] for the total lack of electricity for weeks.

Cities such as Ottawa, Smiths Falls and other eastern Ontario municipalities, that had never experienced such an amount of freezing rain, declared a state of emergency. On January 7, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick called on the help of the Canadian Forces, prompting the deployment of more than 15,000 military personnel at the peak of the crisis. In addition to help residents, CN locomotives (CN3502 and CN3555) were moved off the tracks and used to provide power to residents of Boucherville and Coteau-du-Lac, South and West of Montreal respectively. A third locomotive was moved in Boucherville, but never actually put to use.^[4]

The loss of electrical power also greatly affected pig and cattle farmers, as they could no longer provide water or adequate ventilation to their barns full of livestock, leading to the death of many animals. Many barns also collapsed under the weight of the ice, killing the animals trapped inside.^[5]

Millions of trees were brought down by the weight of ice around the affected areas.^[6] As many trees were damaged or fell by the heavy ice, the maple syrup and orchard regions suffered heavy blows and massive losses in the storm; Quebec's maple sugar industry, the largest in the world, was devastated.^[6] As another example, 5,000 trees in Montreal's Mount Royal Park had to be cut, 80% (140,000) of the rest were damaged to different degrees and had to be trimmed, a large number severely.^[6] The mountain park looked more like a logging camp than a nature oasis for many weeks.

Critically, about 1,000 steel electrical pylons (said, in Quebec, to be the most solid in the world) and 35,000 wooden utility poles were brought down, further damaging power supply and hampering the return of electricity. Teams were brought in from places such as Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, along with teams from the United States, and the Canadian Forces to help restore power to affected homes in eastern Ontario and western Quebec.

Three weeks after the end of the ice storm, there were still about 700,000 people without electricity. Estimates of material damages reach around $2 billion Canadian for Quebec alone. Overall estimates are around $4-6 billion US for all the areas affected.^[7]

[edit] Operation Recuperation

With the roads blocked by fallen trees, broken power lines and coated with a heavy layer of ice, emergency vehicles could hardly move. On January 7, the provinces of New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec requested aid from the Canadian Forces (CF), and Operation Recuperation began on January 8. It was the largest deployment of troops ever to serve on Canadian soil in response to a natural disaster, and the largest operational deployment of Canadian military personnel since the Korean War.

CF members from about 200 units across Canada helped provincial and municipal workers clear roads, rescue people and animals trapped by storm wreckage, evacuate the sick, shelter and feed about 100,000 people frozen out of their homes, and ensure that farmers had the generators and fuel required to keep their operations going. Military engineers and technicians worked around the clock with hydro and telephone crews to repair and replace downed transmission towers and utility poles. On January 13, at the request of the Province of Quebec, CF members assumed the powers of peace officers in the most devastated areas around Montreal.

At the height of this crisis, Operation Recuperation involved 15,784 deployed personnel (including 3,740 Reservists) from all three CF commands; 10,550 in Quebec, 4,850 in Ontario and 384 in New Brunswick. In addition, 6,200 CF members and DND employees working at their regular jobs provided the logistical support required to sustain the operation. ^[8]

[edit] References

1. ^ http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9801/14/northeast.storm/
2. ^ Ice Storm of 1998. Weather Facts. Environment Canada (2000). Retrieved on May 20, 2006.
3. ^ The Ice Storm of 1998. TV coverage. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archives (2005). Retrieved on May 20, 2006.
4. ^ ALCo/MLW locos. Locomotive Fleet Histories. CN Lines Special Interest Group. Retrieved on May 20, 2006.
5. ^ Beshiri, Roland (2005). How farmers weathered Ice Storm '98. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on May 20, 2006.
6. ^ ^{a b c} McCready, Jim (2004). Ice Storm 1998: Lessons learned. Eastern Ontario Model Forest. Retrieved on September 10, 2006.
7. ^ http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/janstorm/janstorm.html
8. ^ Operation RECUPERATION. Past Operations. Canada Department of National Defence (2005). Retrieved on May 20, 2006.

[edit] See also

• Ice Storm of December 2005 in the Appalachians

[edit] External links

• Ice Storm'98 images
• Ice Storm narrative
• (French) URL in French on the Ice Storm of 1998