Nomarch

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Nomarch were the semi-feudal rulers of Ancient Egyptian provinces. Serving as provincial governors, they held authority over one of the 42 nomes (Egyptian: sepat) into which the country was divided.^[1] The terms nomos and nomarch are derived from the Greek word nomos, which can mean province or district. They exercised considerable power in the period from the breakdown of the Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period to the rise of the New Kingdom at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, when stronger centralized control was once again re-established.

The position of the nomarch was at times hereditary, while at others they were appointed by the pharaoh. The balance of power between nomarchs and the central government varied from one pharaoh's rule to the next. Generally, when the national government was stronger, nomarchs were appointed governors. But when the central government was weaker – at times of foreign invasion or civil war, for example – individual nomes would assert themselves and establish hereditary lines of succession. Conflicts between these different hereditary nomarchies were common during, for example, the First Intermediate Period – a time that saw a breakdown in central authority lasting from the sixth and eleventh dynasties, until one of the local rulers was able once again to assert control over the entire country as pharaoh.

The breakdown of the kingdom into nomes can be documented as far back as the Old Kingdom (in the 3rd millennium BCE) and continued even up until the Roman period.