Nogai language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Nogai Ногай тили (Nogay tili) |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Russia | |
| Region: | Caucasus | |
| Total speakers: | 67,800 | |
| Language family: | Altaic[1] (controversial) Turkic Kypchak Kypchak-Nogay Nogai |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | nog | |
| ISO 639-3: | nog | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a language spoken in southwestern Russia. Three distinct dialects are recognized: Qara-Nogay (Black or Northern Nogay), spoken in Dagestan; Nogai Proper, in Stavropol; and Aqnogay (White or Western Nogay), by the Kuban River, its tributaries in Karachay-Cherkessia, and in the Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogay and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, while Aqnogay shows more differences.
Nogai is generally classified into the Kypchak-Nogay branch of Kypchak Turkic. This family also includes Crimean Tatar, Karakalpak in Uzbekistan, Kazakh in Kazakhstan, and Kirgiz in Kyrgyzstan.
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[edit] History
The Nogai, descended from the peoples of the Golden Horde, take their name and that of their language from the grandson of Genghis Khan, Nogai Khan, who ruled the nomadic people west of the Danube toward the end of the 13th century.
Originally, the Nogai written language was based on the Arabic alphabet. In 1928, the Latin alphabet was introduced. This orthographic system was compiled by the Nogay academic A. Dzhanibekov (Canibek), following principles adopted for all Turkic languages.
In 1938, a transition to the Russian alphabet began. The orthography based on the Latin alphabet had allegedly been an impediment to learning Russian.
The rise of the Soviet Union and the establishment of autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs) in the 1950s separated Nogai speakers into small enclaves in the Dagestan ASSR, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and the Stavropol District. At the same time, the teaching of Russian took precedence over teaching native languages, and resultingly the number of speakers began to decline. Recent estimates place the number of Nogai speakers at about 80,000.
In 1973, two small Nogai-language newspapers were being published, one in Karachay-Cherkessia and another in the Dagestan Autonomous SSR (Ленин йолы), but because of poor communications these papers did not reach Nogai villages.
Nogai is now part of the school curriculum from the 1st to the 10th year in the Nogai District of Dagestan. It is also taught at the Karachayevo-Cherkess Pedagogical School and the national branch of the Pedagogical Institute.
[edit] Alphabet
[edit] Arabic alphabet
Before 1928 год the alphabet used for the Nogai language was based on the Arabic alphabet. It included all the letters of the Arabic and, additionally the additional symbols
ڮ, ۇ, ۋ, پ, ںُ, چ, ژ , گ
for the specific sounds of the Nogai. This alphabet was not widespread.
[edit] Latin alphabet
In 1928 the Nogail alphabet based on Latin as part of the Soviet-wide Latinization campaign. A. Sh. Dzhanibekov, a high school teacher was the author of this alphabet.
| A a | B в | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ә ә | G g | Ƣ ƣ |
| I i | K k | L l | M m | N n | N̡ n̡ | O o | Ө ө |
| P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Y y |
| J j | Ь ь | Z z | V v |
The letters were added in 1931 C c, I̡ ı̡, F f, H h, X x, Ƶ ƶ; в 1933 – S̷ s̷. In 1936 letters Ç ç, Ә ә, H h, I̡ ı̡ were excluded from the alphabet.
[edit] Cyrillic alphabet
The Nogai alphabet based on Cyrillic was created in 1938. It included all of the Russian alphabet letters except of кроме Ё ё), and also the digraphs Гъ гъ, Къ къ, Нъ нъ. The digraphs Оь оь, Уь уь were added in the same year. In 1944 digraphs Гъ гъ, Къ къ were excluded from the alphabet. The last reform of the Nogai alphabet took place in 1950, when it attained the current form.
| А а | Аь аь | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
| Нъ нъ | О о | Оь оь | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у |
| Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
| Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
[edit] External links
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| Bolgar | Bolgar† | Chuvash | Hunnic† | Khazar† | ||
| Uyghur | Old Turkic† | Aini²| Chagatay† | Ili Turki | Lop | Uyghur | Uzbek | ||
| Kypchak | Baraba | Bashkir | Crimean Tatar¹ | Cuman† | Karachay-Balkar | Karaim | Karakalpak | Kazakh | Kipchak† | Krymchak | Kumyk | Nogay | Tatar | Urum¹|Altay | Kyrgyz | ||
| Oghuz | Afshar | Azerbaijani | Crimean Tatar¹ | Gagauz | Khorasani Turkish | Ottoman Turkish† | Pecheneg† | Qashqai | Salar | Turkish | Turkmen | Urum¹ | ||
| Khalaj | Khalaj | ||
| Northeastern | Chulym | Dolgan | Fuyü Gïrgïs | Khakas | Northern Altay | Shor | Tofa | Tuvan | Western Yugur | Sakha / Yakut | ||
| Notes: ¹Listed in more than one group, ²Mixed language, †Extinct | |||
