Nicolas Gombert

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Nicolas Gombert (c.1495–c.1560) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous and influential composers between Josquin Desprez and Palestrina, and best represents the fully-developed, complex polyphonic style of this transitional period in music history.

1 Life
2 Music and style
3 Influence
4 Sources and Further Reading
5 Scores
6 Recordings
7 Related sites

[edit] Life

Details of his early life are sketchy, but he was likely born around 1495 in southern Flanders, probably between Lille and St. Omer, possibly in the town of La Gorgue. He is said to have studied with Josquin during the renowned composer's retirement in Condé sur l'Escaut, which probably would have been between 1515 and 1521.

Gombert was employed by the emperor Charles V as a singer in his court chapel in 1526, and possibly as a composer as well. Most likely he was taken on while Charles was passing through Flanders, for the emperor traveled often, bringing his retinue with him, and picking up new members as he went. In 1529 Gombert is mentioned as magister puerorum ("master of the boys") for the royal chapel. He and the singers certainly traveled with the emperor, since there are records of their appearances in various cities of the empire throughout the period. At some point in the 1530s Gombert became a cleric and probably a priest; he received benefices at several cathedrals, including Kortrijk, Lens, Metz, and Béthune. He remained in the Imperial chapel as maistre des enffans until some time between 1537 and 1540.

According to contemporary physician and mathematician Girolamo Cardano, writing in Theonoston in 1560, Gombert was convicted of molesting a boy in his care and was sentenced to hard labor in the galleys. Most likely he was pardoned sometime in or before 1547, the date he sent a letter along with a motet from Tournai. The Magnificat settings preserved uniquely in manuscript in Madrid are often held to have been the "swansongs" that according to Cardano won his pardon, though an alternative hypothesis (Lewis 1994) is that Cardano was referring to the highly penitential First Book of four-part motets. It is unclear how long Gombert lived after his pardon or what positions, if any, he held. In 1556, the German writer and music theorist Hermann Finck mentioned that he was still living, and in 1561 Cardano wrote that he was dead.

[edit] Music and style

Gombert is perhaps the most representative composer of the generation between Josquin and Palestrina, especially in the area of sacred music. He brought the polyphonic style to its highest state of perfection; if imitation is a common device in Josquin, it is pervasive in Gombert. Extended homophonic passages are rare in his sacred works, and he is particularly fond of imitation at very close time intervals, a technically very difficult feat (although he only rarely wrote strict canon). His music is notable for its use of suspended dissonance, as well as featuring many false relations. Dissonance he uses for expressive effect, for example as an expression of grief in his six-voice motet on the death of Josquin, Musae Jovis, with its clashing semitones, and occasional root-position triads a tritone apart.

One of his most popular compositions is his cycle of eight Magnificat settings, which Cardano called his "swansongs" — according to Cardano, he composed these pieces for Charles V as an offering and a request for pardon, and Charles was so moved by them that he pardoned Gombert, releasing him from forced labor in the galleys.

His secular compositions—mostly chansons— are less contrapuntally complex than his motets and masses, but nonetheless more so than the majority of contemporary secular pieces, especially the 'Parisian' chanson. Many of these appeared in lute and vihuela arrangements with a wide geographical distribution, showing their immense popularity.

His surviving works include 10 masses, about 140 motets, about 70 chansons, a canción (probably written when he was in Spain), a madrigal, and a handful of instrumental pieces.

[edit] Influence

Gombert was one of the most renowned composers in Europe after the death of Josquin Desprez, as can be seen by the wide distribution of his music, the use of his music as source material for compositions by others, and the singular attention that printers paid to him (issuing, for example, editions of his works—most print editions at the time were anthologies of music by several composers). However, in spite of his fame and the availability of his music, the next generation of Franco-Flemish composers mostly wrote in a more simplified style. Part of this was an inevitable stylistic reaction to a contrapuntal idiom which had reached an extreme, and part of this was due to the specific dictates of the Council of Trent, which required that text be clearly understandable in sacred, especially liturgical, music—something which is next to impossible for a composer to achieve in a dense imitative texture.

While vocal music of the next generation did not continue Gombert's method of pervasive imitation in a dense texture, the instrumental music did. Forms such as the canzona and ricercar are directly descended from the vocal style of Gombert, and eventually they transformed into the fugue by the time of the Baroque era. Gombert's music represents one of the extremes of contrapuntal complexity ever attained in purely vocal music.

[edit] Sources and Further Reading

The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 8th ed. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. New York, Schirmer Books, 1993. (ISBN 0-02-872416-X)
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. (ISBN 0-393-09530-4)
Joseph Schmidt-Goerg, "Nicolas Gombert, Kapellmeister Kaiser Karls V. Leben und Werk." Bonn, Rohrscheid, 1938, repr. Tutzing, Schneider, 1972.
Alan Lewis, ""Un certo che di Grandezza": Nicolas Gombert's First Book of Four-Part Motets". PhD diss., U. of California, Berkeley, 1994.
Peter Phillips, notes to recording of Gombert's Magnificats 5-8 as sung by Tallis Scholars, CD Gimell CDGIM 038
Article "Nicolas Gombert", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
Article "Nicolas Gombert", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, ed. Stanley Sadie. 29 vols. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. ISBN 0-333-60800-3

[edit] Scores

Gombert's music at ChoralWiki

[edit] Recordings

Nicolas Gombert, Music from the Court of Charles V, Huelgas Ensemble, Sony Vivarte SK 48249
Nicolas Gombert, Missa media vita, etc., Hilliard Ensemble, ECM New Series 1884
Nicolas Gombert, Magnificat 1, etc., Oxford Camerata, Naxos 8.557732
Nicolas Gombert, Magnificats 1-4, Tallis Scholars, CD Gimell CDGIM 037
Nicolas Gombert, Magnificats 5-8, Tallis Scholars, CD Gimell CDGIM 038
Nicolas Gombert, Eight-part Credo, etc., Henry's Eight: Hyperion CDA 66828
Nicolas Gombert, Missa Tempore paschali, etc., Henry's Eight, Hyperion CDA 66943
Heavenly Spheres, CBC Records, MVCD 1121, sung by Studio de musique ancienne de Montréal. Contains two motets by Gombert, including his elegy for Josquin, Musae Jovis.
Flemish Masters, Virginia Arts Recordings, VA-04413, performed by Zephyrus. Includes Gombert's motet, Lugebat David Absalon, the Obrecht Missa Sub tuum presidium, as well as motets by Willaert, Clemens non Papa, Ockeghem, Des Prez, and Mouton.
Christmas to Candlemas, Ensemble Gombert, Tall Poppies TP192. Includes Gombert's motet "Hodie nobis caelorum" and seasonal works by Mouton, Josquin, de Silva, Clemens non Papa, Tallis, Victoria, Lassus, Sheppard and Palestrina.
Josquin to Martin, Ensemble Gombert, Move Records MCD 277. Includes Gombert's motet "Regina caeli laaetare" and works by Josquin, de Monte, Byrd, Brahms ("Drei Motetten, op. 110) and Frank Martin (Mass for Double Choir).