News leak
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A news leak is a disclosure of embargoed information in advance of its official release, or the unsanctioned release of confidential information.
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[edit] Types of news leaks
Leaks are often made by employees of an organization who happened to have access to interesting information but who are not officially authorized to disclose it to the press. They may believe that doing so is in the public interest due to the need for speedy publication, because it otherwise would not have been made public, or simply as self-promotion, to elevate the leaker as a person of importance. Leaks can be intentional or unintentional. A leaker may be doing the journalist a personal favor (possibly in exchange for future cooperation), or simply wishes to disseminate secret information in order to affect the news. The latter type of leak is often made anonymously.
Sometimes partial information is released to the media off the record in advance of a press release to "prepare" the press or the public for the official announcement. This may also be intended to allow journalists more time to prepare more extensive coverage, which can then be published immediately after the official release. This technique is designed to maximize the impact of the announcement. It might be considered an element of political 'spin', or news management.
Some people who leak information to the media are seeking to manipulate coverage. Cloaking information in secrecy may make it seem more valuable to journalists, and anonymity reduces the ability of others to cross-check or discredit the information.
Some leaks are made in the open - for example, politicians who (whether inadvertently or otherwise) disclose classified or confidential information while speaking to the press.
[edit] Consequences
One famous example of a leak with disastrous consequences is the May Incident of World War II.
In that case, U.S. submarines had been conducting a successful undersea war against Japanese shipping during World War II, frequently escaping Japanese anti-submarine depth charge attacks. Unfortunately, the deficiencies of Japanese depth-charge tactics were revealed in a press conference held by U.S. Congressman Andrew J. May, a Democrat and ranking member of the House Military Affairs Committee who had visited the Pacific theater and received many confidential intelligence and operational briefings. At a June, 1943 press conference, May revealed that American submarines had a high survivability rate because Japanese depth charges were fused to explode at too shallow a depth. Various press associations sent this leaked news story over their wires, compounding the disaster, and many newspapers (including one in Honolulu, Hawaii), thoughtlessly published it.
Soon, Japanese forces were resetting their depth charges to explode at a more effective average depth of 250 feet. Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, commander of the U.S. submarine fleet in the Pacific, later estimated that May's revelation cost the United States Navy as many as ten submarines and 800 crewmen lost in action.[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] Books and references
- Blair Jr., Clay, Silent Victory: The US Submarine War against Japan, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001
- Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.), Senseless Secrets: The Failures of U.S. Military Intelligence from George Washington to the Present, Carol Publishing Group, 1995
