New South
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- Not to be confused with New South Hall, a first-year undergraduate residence hall at Georgetown University in Washington, DC.
New South is a term that has been used intermittently since the American Civil War to describe the American South, in whole or in part. The term "New South" is often used in contrast to the Old South of the antebellum period.
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[edit] Origins
The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy. Henry W. Grady made this term popular in his articles and speeches as editor of the Atlanta Constitution. For many years, this "New South" was more of a slogan of Chambers of Commerce and similar civic-booster organizations than a reality in many areas. This has changed somewhat in recent years with explosive population and economic growth in many areas, with large Manufacturing centers, Oil companies, Technology, Biotech, and Aeronautics firms relocating to the American South. Many now use the term in a celebratory sense.
[edit] Twentieth Century
[edit] Civil rights
The beginnings of the Civil Rights era in the 1950s led to a revival of the term to describe a South which would no longer be held back by Jim Crow laws and other aspects of compulsory legal segregation. Again, the initially slow pace of the Civil Rights era reforms, notably in the areas of school desegregation and voting rights, at first made the "New South" more of a slogan than a description of the South as it was; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 brought an era of far more rapid change.
[edit] Politics
A third usage of the term "New South" has been in the area of politics. This "New South" has a competitive two-party political system. For over 100 years, from before the Civil War until the mid-1960s, the Democratic Party exercised a virtual monopoly on Southern politics (see also Solid South). Thus elections were actually decided between Democratic factions in primary elections (often all-white); the Democratic nomination was considered to be "tantamount to election".
The "New South" period in this context began in 1964 when several Southern politicians, and states, supported Republican Barry Goldwater for President over the Democratic incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson. Some, in what later became a trend, switched party affiliations, notably Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Richard Nixon's Southern strategy in the 1968 campaign is thought by many to have vastly accelerated this process. Since 1980 the South has voted Republican at the Presidential level except when the Democratic nominee is from the South, in which case several states may be competitive. At the local level, however, the Democratic Party is still overwhelmingly dominant in some regions of the South.
[edit] Geography
The term "New South" is also sometimes used geographically, to denote the South Atlantic states, in contrast to the East South Central and West South Central states. The former have grown considerably more cosmopolitan and ethnically diverse in recent decades, and many observers maintain that they now comprise a distinct geocultural subregion. One prominent example of the use of "New South" in this context was in the 1991 book The Day America Told The Truth, which divides the South as a whole into the "moral regions" of the New South and Old Dixie.
[edit] Music
The "New South" wave denotes a movement in American Hip-Hop, starting in the mid-90's, which melds some aspects of Rock music with more conventional Rap styles. Bubba Sparxxx is the creator of the term as well as its primary creative force. Rappers like The Hot Boys along with The Geto Boys and UGK and also Lil' Wayne are also referred to as legends in southern hip-hop.
[edit] Economy
The "New South is also meant to describe the economic boom in the southern part of the U.S., compared to the loss of jobs in the Midwest. Economic centers of the US have shifted away from cities like Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and St. Louis to southern cities like Atlanta, Nashville, Raleigh, Charlotte, Jacksonville, and Dallas. For example, two of the nation's four largest banks are headquartered in Charlotte, NC, automobile manufacturers Toyota and Nissan have opened plants in states such as Tennessee and Mississippi, Atlanta is the third largest city in the United States to have the most Fortune 500 headquarters, and The Triangle and Huntsville, Alabama areas are home to two of the three largest research parks in the world.
