New Cambridge Paragraph Bible
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The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible is a newly-edited edition of the King James Version of the Bible published by Cambridge University Press in 2005. A Penguin Classics edition was also released in 2006, providing the text of the Bible only (omitting the translators' marginal notes but with an introduction and notes by the editor).
The editor is David Norton, Reader in English at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Prof. Norton is author of A History of the Bible as Literature (2 vols., 1993; revised and condensed as A History of the English Bible as Literature, 2000). He also wrote A Textual History of the King James Bible as a companion volume to the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible.
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[edit] The original Cambridge Paragraph Bible
A previous edition of the KJV called the Cambridge Paragraph Bible was published in 1873. That volume was edited by F.H.A. Scrivener, one of the translators of the English Revised Version and a noted scholar of the text of the Bible. For a long time it was perhaps best known as the KJV text in the standard reference work The New Testament Octapla edited by Luther Weigle, chairman of the translation committee that produced the Revised Standard Version. But more recently, the publisher Zondervan has attempted a revival of Scrivener's text by conforming all its newer editions of the KJV to it, such as its Zondervan KJV Study Bible. And the popular Logos Bible Software includes an electronic text of the Cambridge Paragraph Bible as of certain editions of version 3 of its Bible program.
Considerable honor is due to Scrivener for his work on the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible. Nevertheless, there are some instances of misrepresentation of the original KJV text in Scrivener's work, since, as Norton suggests, he felt himself entitled to "correct" what the translators wrote. For example,
- in Matthew 23:24, Scrivener changes KJV's "strain at a gnat" to "strain out a gnat" (emphasis added) on the basis of the belief that it was a printer's error or a mistranslation, as it is commonly known that hulizō means "to filter".
- he changes Hebrews 10:23's "Let us hold fast the profession of our faith" to "Let us hold fast the profession of our hope" (emphasis added); this change was allegedly to fix a translator error;
- there are instances of spelling that are intentionally left unmodernized, such as "ebeny" for "ebony" and "mo" for "more";
- Additionally, the passage in 1 John 5:7-8 often referred to as the Johannine Comma is thrown into italics by Scrivener because of its disputed authenticity, although the original translators left no indication that they doubted its genuineness. (This italicization has been removed from Zondervan's reprints of the Cambridge Paragraph Bible text but can be seen in the New Testament Octapla's reprinting.)
Although Scrivener's text has been highly regarded since its appearance, it has not had a major influence on current editions of the KJV, which are essentially reprints of the 1769 Oxford edition by Benjamin Blayney. Therefore, current KJV printings feature certain post-1611-edition editorial changes, 18th century spelling, an enhanced system of "supplied words" (the words printed in italics as having no equivalent in the original Biblical texts but added for clarity), and emended punctuation.
[edit] The reasons for a new recension
In his Textual History, Prof. Norton gives a fascinating look into the process by which Cambridge University Press commissioned the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible. The beginning dates back to 1994, when the press' Bible Publishing Manager needed to decide on any changes or corrections that would have to be made to the KJV text published by Cambridge, given that the film from which the press printed its text was becoming worn and in need of replacement. Two possibilities that emerged were to use Scrivener's text or to simply adopt Cambridge's own Concord KJV edition as the basis; however, neither gave exactly the translator's text or used consistent modern spelling. Cambridge eventually chose a different option, to have the KJV edited afresh. This also provided the opportunity to give the KJV a new formatting, one which follows the path broken by Scrivener in the first Cambridge Paragraph Bible but is by no means bound to his decisions regarding presentation; instead, the formatting of the volume has been completely reworked by Norton.
[edit] Features of the new edition
Using such sources as the first edition published in 1611, a manuscript preserved from the first stage of the KJV men's work (known as Lambeth Palace MS 98), and a complete Bishops' Bible annotated by them (known as Bodelian Library Bibl. Eng. 1602 b. 1), Norton re-edited the KJV. His edition
- divides the text into paragraphs (and poetic line-divisions for poetic portions like the Psalms);
- introduces modern spelling in preference to that of the 18th century--"assuaged" rather than "asswaged," "music" rather than "musick," "show" instead of "shew," etc.;
- adds quotation marks for dialogue and words indicated as spoken in the Bible text;
- restores certain readings of the 1611 edition that were modified by later editions.
At the same time, Norton's recension is for the most part quite conservative. For example, no readings are introduced from the above-mentioned manuscripts that only occur in them, though the annotations they contain are used to support 1611 first edition readings as demonstrating a deliberate decision by the original translators that has been overruled by subsequent hands. Norton writes in the introduction, "Except where there are good reasons to think that the first edition does not represent the readings the translators decided on, first edition readings are restored" (2005, p. ix). Also, other than the quotation marks, the punctuation--where changed from that of the current standard KJV text--mainly provides a simple restoration of 1611's punctuation.
One of the more radical changes is to eliminate the main text's differentiation of the "supplied words" usually printed in italics in current KJVs. (Such words are, however, intentionally retained in the marginal notes.) Norton points out that the original edition's supplied words, printed in Roman type in 1611 as opposed to the black-letter of the main text, were very inadequately marked; although many subsequent editors have tried to revise them (especially Scrivener), Norton feels that they are misunderstood by most readers and are ineffective even for those who know their purpose. While this is likely true, it may also be said on the other hand that the translators patently placed value on having the "supplied words" set off from the main Bible text, and that it seems regrettable to lose this aspect of the way in which they consciously chose to present their translation.
In summary, the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible is a valuable edition of the KJV text, and Prof. Norton's editing represents an important contribution to both religious and English literature. Although it may be too soon to measure the full impact of this volume, it seems safe to say that Norton's work, and his companion study in Textual History, will necessarily have a far-reaching influence on any subsequent scholars who deal with the King James Version's history or its text.
[edit] References
- The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with the Apocrypha, edited by David Norton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-84386-3 (Hardcover). ISBN 0-521-84387-1 (Genuine Leather).
- Norton, David (2005). A Textual History of the King James Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77100-5.
- The Bible: King James Version with The Apocrypha, Edited with an Introduction and Notes by David Norton. London: Penguin Books, 2006. (Penguin Classics edition; paperback reprint of New Cambridge Paragraph Bible text only without translators' notes.) ISBN 0-14-144151-8.
- Barker, Kenneth (2002 gen. ed.). Zondervan KJV Study Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-91893-6.
[edit] External links
- The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible, with the Apocrypha, Cambridge University Press.
