Nevis

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Nevis

Flag of Nevis (which incorporates the flag of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the top left corner.) (in Detail)
Official language	English
Political status	State in the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Premier	Joseph Parry
Deputy Governor-General[1]	Eustace John
President, Nevis Island Assembly	Marjorie Morton
Capital	Charlestown, Nevis
Area  - Total	(Not ranked) 35.9 sq. mi. (93 km²)
Population  - Density	12,106[2] (2006) 130/km²
Airport  - Code  - Runway	Vance W. Amory International IATA: NEV, ICAO: TKPN 4002 ft. (1,220 m)

Nevis is an island in the Caribbean near the top of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, about 220 miles (350 km) southeast of Puerto Rico and 50 miles (80 km) west of Antigua. The 36 square-mile (93 km²) island is part of the Leeward Islands and is located at latitude 17.15°N and longitude 62.58°W. The capital of Nevis is Charlestown. Nevis is federated with Saint Kitts in the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The two islands are separated by a 2-mile (3.22 km) wide channel.

Nevis is conical in shape, with a volcanic peak at the centre. The island is fringed by long strands of golden sand beaches and has a coastline intermittently protected by coral reefs. The colour of the sand is a result of the mixture of coral, foraminifera and volcanic sand. The most famous beach is the 4-mile (6.44 km) long Pinney's Beach on the west coast. In the lush interior, rivers and ponds fill up seasonally, and the gently sloping coastal plain (0.6 miles/1 km wide) also has natural fresh water springs, especially along the west coast. The island was named Oualie ("Land of Beautiful Waters") by the Caribs and Dulcina ("Sweet Island") by the early British settlers.^[3] The name Nevis is derived from Spanish, Nuestra Señora de las Nieves ("Our Lady of the Snows"), a name given the island in 1493 by Christopher Columbus who thought the clouds over Nevis Peak made the island resemble a snow-capped mountain.

The majority of the approximately 12,000 inhabitants of Nevis are of African descent. English is the official language and the literacy rate, 98 percent, is one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. The Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) Conference paper presented at The St. Kitts and Nevis Country Conference, University of the West Indies, Barbados, May 2000 and the Cambridge General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) results of students in Nevis are consistently among the highest in the English-speaking Caribbean.^[4][5]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Colonial history 1.2.1 Emancipation 1.3 Recent history 2 Politics 2.1 Secession movement 2.1.1 Legislative motivation 2.1.2 Fiscal motivation 2.2 Elections 3 Parishes 4 Geography 4.1 Deforestation 5 Economy 6 Culture 7 Famous Nevisians 8 References and notes 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Official Government sites 10.2 Organisations 10.3 Media 10.4 Tourism

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

When Nevis was spotted by Columbus in 1493, the island had already been settled for more than 2,000 years by Caribbean Amerindian populations. During the last 15 years, artifacts from three major prehistoric periods have been discovered at excavation sites in Nevis.^[6] The indigenous people of Nevis during these periods belonged to the Leeward Island Amerindian groups popularly referred to as Arawaks and Caribs, a complex mosaic of ethnic groups with similar culture and language.^[7] Dr. Lennox Honychurch from Dominica (D. Phil. in Anthropology and one of the world's leading scholars in the history and culture of Island Caribs) traces the European use of the term "Carib" for the Leeward Island aborigines to Columbus, who picked it up from the Tainos on Hispaniola. It was not a name the Island Caribs called themselves.^[8] The Spanish used the term to clarify which native groups were officially available for enslavement. "Carib Indians" was the generic name used for all groups allegedly involved in war rituals of a cannibalistic nature, namely the consumption of parts of a killed enemy's body. The Spanish law permitted and encouraged the enslavement of all such "cannibals" or "Caribs". Nevis was part of the Spanish claim to the Caribbean islands, a claim pursued until 1671, even though there were no Spanish settlements on the island. According to Vincent Hubbard, author of Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis, the Spanish ruling caused many of the Arawak groups who were not ethnically Caribs to "be redefined as Caribs overnight".^[3] Records indicate that the Spanish enslaved large numbers of the native inhabitants on the more accessible of the Leeward Islands and sent them to Cubagua, Venezuela to dive for pearls. Hubbard suggests that the reason the first European settlers found so few "Caribs" on Nevis is that they had already been rounded up by the Spanish and shipped off to be used as slaves.

The structure of the Island Carib language has been linguistically identified as Arawakan.^[8] This is used as an argument to support the Arawakan Continuity Model for the Leeward Islands. According to the continuity model, the many ethnic groups of the Leeward Islands lived side by side through the centuries before the Europeans arrived, becoming multilingual because of intense inter-island trade. The suggestion that a natural merging of languages and cultures occurred over the centuries is in sharp contrast with the invasion and displacement model which has previously been the dominant model in Caribbean scholarship. The displacement model suggests that the Cariban speaking groups killed off the Arawakan groups, but that the Arawakan language survived because the Carib warriors spared the Arawak women and the women then passed Arawakan on to their children. Many scholars now subscribe to moderated continuity models, considering the Caribbean to have been a site of encounter and exchange throughout history.^[8]

In spite of the Spanish claim, Nevis continued to be a popular stop-over point for English and Dutch ships on their way to the North American continent. Captain Bartholomew Gilbert of Plymouth visited the island in 1603, spending two weeks to cut twenty tons of lignum vitae wood. Gilbert sailed on to Virginia to seek out survivors of the Roanoke settlement in what is now North Carolina. Captain John Smith visited Nevis also on his way to Virginia in 1607. This was the voyage which founded the Jamestown Settlement, the first permanent English settlement in the New World.^[3]

On August 30, 1620, James I of England asserted sovereignty over Nevis by giving a Royal Patent for colonisation to the Earl of Carlisle. However actual European settlement did not happen until 1628 when Anthony Hilton moved from nearby Saint Kitts following a murder plot against him. He was accompanied by 80 other settlers, soon to be boosted by a further 100 settlers from London who had originally hoped to settle Barbuda. Hilton became the first Governor of Nevis. After the 1671 peace treaty between Spain and England, Nevis became the seat of the British colony and the Admiralty Court sat in Nevis. Between 1675 and 1730, the island was the headquarter for the slave trade for the Leeward Islands, with approximately 6,000-7,000 enslaved West Africans passing through on route to other islands each year. The Royal African Company brought all its ships through Nevis.^[3]

[edit] Colonial history

Nevis, due to the high quality of its sugar cane and the introduction of the Triangular trade, was once a dominant source of wealth for Great Britain, so much that the exports from West Indian colonies like Nevis were worth more than all of those from the mainland Thirteen colonies of North America at the time of the American Revolution. The great wealth generated by the colonies of the West Indies led to wars between Spain, Britain, and France, and the formation of the United States can be said to be a partial by-product of these wars whose strategic trade aims often ignored North America.^[3]

By the end of the 17th century, the population of Nevis consisted of a small, rich planter elite in control, a marginal population of poor whites, a great majority of enslaved families of African descent, and an unknown number of maroons, people who had freed themselves from the exploitation and escaped. The enslaved families formed the large labour force and were forced to perform the monotonous and dangerous work of the sugar plantations. After the 1650s the supply of white indentured servants began to dry up due to increased wages in England and less incentive to migrate to the colonies. Additionally, the plantation owners considered lifelong enslavement a better long-term investment for their owners than indentured servants who could leave after four to seven years. They also considered it easier to control persons in a workforce that had been removed from their homelands and separated from their kin by brute force and who were easily discerned by their skin colour should they try to escape. Of the 1780 population of 10,000 in Nevis, 90 percent were black.^[3]

A series of earthquakes during the 18th century laid most of the colonial era stone buildings of Charlestown in ruins. The Georgian stone buildings of today are reconstructions, built on the ruins. The destruction also led to a new architectural style, consisting of wooden upper floors over a ground floor built of stone.

Two famous Nevisian buildings from the 18th century are Hermitage Plantation, built of lignum vitae wood in 1740, the oldest surviving wooden house still in use in the Caribbean today, and Bath Hotel, the first hotel in the Caribbean, a luxury hotel and spa built by John Huggins in 1778. The soothing waters of the hotel's hot springs lured many famous Europeans, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Antigua-based Admiral Nelson and his friend Prince William Henry, Duke of Clarence, (future William IV of the United Kingdom), attended balls and private parties here. Today, the building serves as the government headquarters and the hot springs are open to the public.

An often repeated myth indicates that a massive 1690 earthquake and tsunami destroyed the buildings of the original capital Jamestown, a town on the west coast. However, recent research has found no basis for the claim and archaeologists from the University of Southampton who have done excavations in the area state that the myth may be the result of an over-excited Victorian letter writer, sharing accounts of his exotic life in the tropical colony with a British audience back home.^[9] One such letter recounts that so much damage was done to the town that it had to be completely abandoned, and that the whole town sank into the sea. Early maps do not show Jamestown, only Morton's Bay, and later maps show that all that was left of Jamestown/Morton's Bay in 1818 was a building labelled "Pleasure House". Since then, the land has moved over at least 100 yards (91.44 meters) to the west, which means that anything left of Jamestown would now be underground.

[edit] Emancipation

During the 17th century the French, based on Saint Kitts, launched many attacks on Nevis, sometimes assisted by the Island Caribs, who in 1667 sent a large fleet of canoes along in support. The English on Nevis hated and feared the Amerindians, and even sent troops to assist in the slaughter of the Island Caribs in Dominica and St. Vincent in 1674 and 1683 without official approval from The Crown. The English built Fort Charles and a series of smaller fortifications to aid in defending against these attacks.^[3] Some of the maroons joined with the few remaining Caribs in Nevis to form an ever present resistance force in the mountainous regions of the island. Memories of the Nevisian resistance against the injustices suffered under the plantation system are evident in place names such as Maroon Hill, an early centre of resistance.

During this era, three privateers were employed by the British Crown to help protect ships in Nevis' waters. One of them, Captain Frances, was of African descent. He commanded 100 men and a 20-gun ship.^[3] In 1706, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, the French Canadian founder of Louisiana in North America, decided to drive the English out of Nevis and thus also stop pirate attacks on French ships; he considered Nevis the region's headquarter for piracy in the Caribbean against French trade. During d'Iberville's invasion of Nevis, French buccaneers were used in the front line, infamous for being ruthless killers after the pillaging during the wars with Spain where they gained a reputation for torturing and murdering non-combatants. In the face of the invading force, the English militiamen of Nevis fled. Some planters burned the plantations, rather than letting the French have them, and hid in the mountains. It was the enslaved Africans who held the French at bay by taking up arms to defend their families and the island. The slave quarters had been looted and burned as well, as the main reward promised the men fighting on the French side in the attack was the right to capture as many slaves as possible and resell them in Martinique.

During the fighting, 3,400 enslaved Nevisians were captured and sent off to Martinique, but about 1,000 more, poorly armed and militarily untrained, held the French troops at bay, by "murderous fire" according to an eyewitness account by an English militiaman. He wrote that "the slaves' brave behaviour and defence there shamed what some of their masters did, and they do not shrink to tell us so."^[3] After 18 days of fighting, the French were driven off the island. Among the Nevisian men, women and children carried away on d'Iberville's ships, six ended up in Louisiana, the first persons of African descent to arrive there.^[3]

One consequence of the collapsed sugar industry and the ensuing hardship on Nevis was that small plots of land on the plantations were made available to the enslaved families in order to control the loss of life due to starvation. With less profitability for the absentee plantation owners, the import of food supplies for the workers dwindled. Between 1776 and 1783, when the food supplies failed to arrive altogether due to the rebellion in North America, 300-400 enslaved Nevisians starved to death.^[3]

On August 1, 1834, slavery was abolished in the British Empire. In Nevis, 8,815 slaves were freed.^[3] The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day and is part of the annual Nevis Culturama festival.

A four-year apprenticeship program followed the abolishment of slavery on the plantations. In spite of the continued use of the labour force, the Nevisian slave owners were paid over 150,000 pounds in compensation from the British Government for the loss of property, whereas the enslaved families received nothing for 200 years of labour.^[10]

Because of the early distribution of plots and because many of the planters departed from the island when sugar cultivation became unprofitable, a relatively large percentage of Nevisians already owned or controlled land at emancipation.^[11] Others settled on crown land. This early development of a society with a majority of small, landowning farmers and entrepreneurs created a stronger middleclass in Nevis than in Saint Kitts where the sugar industry continued until 2006. Even though the 15 families in the wealthy planter elite no longer control the arable land, Saint Kitts still has a large, landless working class population.^[12]

[edit] Recent history

See also: History of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Nevis was united with Saint Kitts and Anguilla in 1882, and they became an associated state with full internal autonomy in 1967, though Anguilla seceded in 1971. Together, Saint Kitts and Nevis became independent on September 19, 1983. On August 10, 1998, a referendum on Nevis to separate from Saint Kitts had 2,427 votes in favour and 1,498 against, falling short of the two-thirds majority needed.

Before 1967, the local government of Saint Kitts was also the government of Nevis and Anguilla. Nevis had two seats and Anguilla one seat in the government. The economic and infrastructural development of the two smaller islands was not a priority to the colonial federal government. When the hospital in Charlestown was destroyed in a hurricane in 1899, planting of trees in the squares of Saint Kitts and refurbishing of government buildings, also in Saint Kitts, took precedence over the rebuilding of the only hospital in Nevis.^[3] After five years without any proper medical facilities, the leaders in Nevis initiated a campaign, threatening to seek independence from Saint Kitts. The British Administrator in Saint Kitts, Charles Cox, was unmoved. He stated that Nevis did not need a hospital since there had been no significant rise in the number of deaths during the time Nevisians had been without a hospital. Therefore, no action was needed on behalf of the government, and besides, Cox continued, the Legislative Council regarded "Nevis and Anguilla as a drag on St. Kitts and would willingly see a separation".^[13] Finally, a letter of complaint to the metropolitan British Foreign Office gave result and the federal government in Saint Kitts was ordered by their superiors in London to take speedy action. The Legislative Council took another five years to consider their options. The final decision by the federal government was not to rebuild the old hospital after all, but to instead convert the old Government House in Nevis into a hospital, named Alexandra Hospital after Queen Alexandra, wife of King Edward VII. A majority of the funds assigned for the hospital was thus spent on the construction of a new official residence in Nevis.^[3] The trend of neglect and disproportionate division of funds continued. Electricity was only introduced in Nevis in 1954, when two generators were shipped in to provide electricity to the area around Charlestown. Not until 1971 was electricity available island-wide. In this regard, Nevis fared better than Anguilla, where there were no paved roads, no electricity and no telephones in 1967.^[3]

Simeon Daniel, Nevis' first Premier and former leader of the Nevis Reformation Party (NRP) and Vance Amory, former Premier and leader of the Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), made sovereign independence for Nevis from the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis part of their parties' agenda.^[14]

[edit] Politics

Main article: Politics of Nevis

The political structure for the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is based on the Westminster Parliamentary system, but it is a unique structure in that Nevis has its own unicameral legislature, consisting of Her Majesty's representative (the Deputy Governor General) and members of the Nevis Island Assembly. Nevis has considerable autonomy in its legislative branch. The constitution actually empowers the Nevis Island Legislature to make laws that cannot be abrogated by the National Assembly. In addition, Nevis has a constitutionally protected right to secede from the federation, should a two-third majority of the island’s population vote for independence in a local referendum. Section 113.(1) of the constitution states: "The Nevis Island Legislature may provide that the island of Nevis shall cease to be federated with the island of Saint Christopher and accordingly that this Constitution shall no longer have effect in the island of Nevis."^[15]

Nevis has its own premier, its own government, the Nevis Island Administration, and the island collects its own taxes and has a separate budget. The Administration has managed to produce a balanced budget and a current account surplus, even with an ambitious infrastructure development programme in progress, including a transformation of the Charlestown port, construction of a new deep-water harbour, resurfacing and widening the Island Main Road, a new airport terminal and control tower, and a major airport expansion, which required the relocation of an entire village in order to make room for the runway extension. Nevis has also managed to produce one of the highest growth rates in gross national product and per capita income in the Caribbean.^[16]

[edit] Secession movement

Since independence from the United Kingdom in 1983, the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have been involved in several conflicts over the interpretation of the new constitution which came into effect at independence. During an interview on Voice of America in March 1998, repeated in a government issued press release headlined "PM Douglas Maintains 1983 Constitution is Flawed", Prime Minister Denzil Douglas called the constitution a "recipe for disaster and disharmony among the people of both islands".^[17]

A crisis developed already in 1984 when the People's Action Movement (PAM) won a majority in the Federal elections and temporarily ceased honouring the Federal Government's financial obligations to Nevis. Consequently, cheques issued by the Nevis Administration were not honoured by the Bank, public servants in Nevis were not paid on time and the Nevis Island Administration experienced difficulties in meeting its financial obligations.^[18]

[edit] Legislative motivation

In 1996, four new bills were introduced in the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, one of which made provisions to have revenue derived from activities in Nevis paid directly to the treasury in Saint Kitts instead of to the treasury in Nevis. Another bill, The Financial Services Committee Act, contained provisions that all investments in Saint Kitts and Nevis would require approval by an investment committee in Saint Kitts. This was controversial, because ever since 1983 the Nevis Island Administration had approved all investments for Nevis, on the basis that the constitution vests legislative authority for industries, trades and businesses and economic development in Nevis to the Nevis Island Administration. All three representatives from Nevis, including the leader of the opposition in the Nevis Island Assembly, objected to the introduction of these bills into the National Assembly in Saint Kitts, arguing that the bills would affect the ability of Nevis to develop its offshore financial services sector and that the bills would be detrimental to the Nevis economy. All the representatives in opposition in the National Assembly shared the conviction that the bills, if passed into law, would be unconstitutional and undermine the constitutional and legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration, as well as result in the destruction of the economy of Nevis.^[18]

The constitutional crisis initially developed when the newly appointed Attorney General refused to grant permission for the Nevis Island Administration to assert its legal right in the Courts. After a decision of the High Court in favour of the Nevis Island Administration, the Prime Minister gave newspaper interviews stating that he "refused to accept the decision of the High Court".^[19] Due to the deteriorating relationship between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government, a Constitutional Committee was appointed in April 1996 to advise on whether or not the present constitutional arrangement between the islands should continue. The committee recommended constitutional reform and the establishment of an island administration for Saint Kitts, separate from the Federal Government. The Federal Government in Saint Kitts fills both functions today and Saint Kitts does not have an equivalent to the Nevis Island Administration. Disagreements between the political parties in Nevis and between the Nevis Island Administration and the Federal Government have prevented the recommendations by the electoral committee from being implemented. The problematic political arrangement between the two islands therefore continues to date. Joseph Parry, the new premier of Nevis, has indicated that he favours constitutional reform over secession for Nevis, but his party, the NRP, has historically been the strongest and most ardent proponent for Nevis independence. The party came to power with secession as the main campaign issue. In 1975, the NRP manifesto declared that: "The Nevis Reformation Party will strive at all costs to gain secession for Nevis from St. Kitts – a privilege enjoyed by the island of Nevis prior to 1882."^[20]

A cursory proposal for constitutional reform was presented by the NRP in 1999, but the issue was not prominent in the 2006 election campaign and it appears a detailed proposal has yet to be worked out and agreed upon within the ruling party.^[21] Nevis has continued developing its own legislation, such as The Nevis International Insurance Ordinance and the Nevis International Mutual Funds Ordinance of 2004,^[22] but calls for secession are often based on concerns that the legislative authority of the Nevis Island Administration might be challenged again in the future.

Since 2005, Nevis has its first Resident Judge, Her Ladyship Justice Ianthea Leigertwood-Octave.

[edit] Fiscal motivation

Political dissension between Saint Kitts and Nevis has made the movement for Nevis secession a constant presence in the island's political arena, with many articles appearing in the press expressing concerns such as those compiled by Everton Powell in "What Motivates Our Call for Independence".^[23] The issues of dissension are mainly economical in nature:

• Many of the businesses that operate in Nevis are headquartered in Saint Kitts and pay the corporate taxes to Saint Kitts, despite the fact that profits for those businesses are derived from Nevis.^[18]
• The vast majority of Nevisians and residents of Nevis depart the Federation from Saint Kitts. This meant that departure taxes are paid in Saint Kitts.^[18]
• The bulk of cargo destined for Nevis enters the Federation through Saint Kitts. Custom duties are therefore paid in Saint Kitts.^[18]
• The largest expenditure for Nevis, approximately 29 percent of the Nevis Island Administration’s recurrent budget, is education and health services, but the Nevis Island Legislature has no power to legislate over these two areas.^[18]
• Police, defence and coast guard are a federal responsibility. Charlestown Police Station, which served as the Headquarters for police officers in Nevis, was destroyed by fire in December 1991. Police officers initially had to operate out of the ruin, until the Nevis Island Administration managed to raise the resources to re-house the police.^[18]
• Nevis experiences an economic disadvantage because of preferential treatment by the federal government for development of Saint Kitts. The division of foreign aid and various forms of international assistance toward development and infrastructure are especially contentious issues. Lists showing the disparities in sharing have been compiled by Dr. Everson Hull, a former Economics professor of Howard University, and are available online.^[24]

[edit] Elections

Main article: Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis

In the 2006 Nevis elections, called on 10 July 2006, three months ahead of the constitutional deadline, the Nevis Reformation Party (NRP) won three of the five seats in the Nevis Island Assembly, while the incumbent Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM) won two. The victory for the NRP and party leader Joseph Parry ended 15 years of governing by the CCM.^[25]

The federal prime minister, Denzil Douglas, is the leader of the majority party of the federal House of Representatives in Saint Kitts, and his cabinet conducts the affairs of state. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis has a 14 or 15-member unicameral legislature or parliament (the Senate and House of Representatives sit and vote together): A Senate, with three or four members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; and a popularly elected House of Representatives with 11 members, eight Saint Kitts seats and three Nevis seats. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament.

In the federal election of 2004, CCM won two of the three Nevis assigned Federal seats, while the NRP secured one. Malcolm Guishard of the CCM, the opposition party in the Nevis Island Assembly, is the leader of the opposition in the federal assembly. Of the eight Saint Kitts assigned federal seats, the St Kitts-Nevis Labour Party won seven and the People's Action Movement (PAM) one.^[26]

[edit] Parishes

Main article: Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis

The island of Nevis is divided into five administrative subdivisions called parishes. Each parish has an elected representative in the Nevis Island Assembly.

• Saint George Gingerland
• Saint James Windward
• Saint John Figtree
• Saint Paul Charlestown
• Saint Thomas Lowland

[edit] Geography

The formation of the island began in mid-Pliocene times, approximately 3.45 million years ago. Nine distinct eruptive centers from different geological ages, ranging from mid-Pliocene to Pleistocene, have contributed to the formation. No single model of the island's geological evolution can therefore be ascertained.^[27]

During the last Ice age when the sea level was 200 feet lower, Saint Kitts and Nevis were one island together with Saint Eustatius (also known as Statia) and Saba. In its early history, Nevis is thought to have been home to at least thirteen volcanoes. Nevis Peak (985 m /3,232 ft) is the dormant remnant of one of these ancient stratovolcanoes. The last activity took place in 1692, but active fumaroles and hot springs are still found on the island, the most recent formed in 1953.^[28] The composite cone of Nevis volcano has two overlapping summit craters that are partially filled by a lava dome, created in recent, pre-Columbian time. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows were deposited on the lower slopes of the cone simultaneously. Nevis Peak is located on the outer crater rim. Four other lava domes were constructed on the flanks of the volcano, one on the northeast flank (Madden's Mount), one on the eastern flank (Butlers Mountain), one on the northwest coast (Mount Lily) and one on the south coast (Saddle Hill).

The climate is tropical with little variation, tempered from December through February by the steady, mild north-easterly breezes called the alizés or trade winds, followed by a somewhat hotter and rainier season from May to November. Nevis lies in the track of tropical hurricanes, developing between August and October. This period has the heaviest rainfall of the year.

[edit] Deforestation

Massive deforestation was undertaken by the planters in Nevis during the 17th century when the land was initially cleared for sugar cultivation. The intense land exploitation by the sugar and cotton industry, lasting almost 200 years, led to irreparable damage to the island’s ecosystem. In some places along the windswept southeast coast, the Nevisian coastal landscape has been devastated.^[7] Due to extreme land erosion, sheer cliffs as high as 25 metres (82 feet) have developed as the top soil was swept away. The lush forest on the eastern coastal plane, where the Amerindians built their first villages during the aceramic period, is gone forever, and so is a large portion of the ecosystem surrounding the coral reef just offshore. It was the rich ocean life around this reef which attracted the first Amerindian settlers to the area around 600 BCE.^[7] With the loss of the natural vegetation, the balance in runoff nutrients to the reef was disturbed, eventually causing as much as 80 percent of the large eastern fringing reef to become inactive. As the reef broke apart, it provided less protection for the coast.^[7] The vegetation on the leeward side of the island and the rain forest higher up on the mountain slope have recovered over the centuries since the sugar and cotton industry disappeared, even though the sugar cane fields stretched from the coast to the upper regions of the mountain slope in many places.

[edit] Economy

When the Leeward Islands were separated from Barbados in 1671, Nevis became the seat of the Leeward Islands Colony and was given the nickname "Queen of the Caribees". It remained colonial capital for the Leeward Islands until the seat was transferred to Antigua for military reasons in 1698. During this period, Nevis was the richest of the British Leeward Islands.^[3] The island outranked even larger islands like Jamaica in sugar production in the late 17th century. The wealth of the planters on the island is evident by the tax records in the Calendar State Papers in the British Colonial Office Public Records, where the amount of tax collected on the Leeward Islands was recorded. The sums recorded for 1676 as "head tax on slaves", a tax payable in sugar, amounted to 384,600 pounds in Nevis, as opposed to 67,000 each in Antigua and Saint Kitts, 62,500 in Montserrat, and 5,500 total in the other five islands.^[29] The profits on sugar cultivation in Nevis was enhanced by the fact that the cane juice from Nevis yielded an unusually high amount of sugar. A gallon (3.79 litres) of cane juice from Nevis yielded 24 ounces (0.71 litres) of sugar, whereas a gallon from Saint Kitts yielded 16 ounces (0.47 litres).^[3] Twenty percent of the British Empire’s total sugar production in 1700 was derived from Nevisian plantations.^[30]

After d’Iberville’s invasion in 1704, records show Nevis’ sugar industry in ruins and a decimated population begging the English Parliament and relatives for loans and monetary assistance to stave of island-wide starvation.^[3] The sugar industry on the island never fully recovered and during the general depression that followed the loss of the West Indian sugar monopoly, Nevis fell on hard times and the island became one of the poorest in the region. The island remained poorer than Saint Kitts until 1991, when the fiscal performance of Nevis edged ahead of the fiscal performance of Saint Kitts for the first time since the French invasion.^[3] The European Commission's Delegation in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean estimate the annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on Nevis to be about 10 percent higher than on St. Kitts.^[31]

The major source of revenue for Nevis today is tourism. During the 2003-2004 season, approximately 40,000 tourists visited Nevis.^[32] The island focuses on an upscale market in order to keep the island uncrowded. A five star hotel (The Four Seasons, Nevis), three exclusive, restored plantation inns and a couple of smaller hotels are currently in operation. Larger developments along the west coast have recently been approved and are in the process of being developed.^[33]

The introduction of new legislation has made offshore financial services a rapidly growing economic sector in Nevis. Incorporation of companies, international insurance and reinsurance, as well as several international banks, trust companies, asset management firms, have created a boost in the economy.^[22] The growing employment and economic activity on Nevis are reflected in the latest numbers presented by the minister of finance. During 2005, the Nevis Island Treasury collected $94.6 million in annual revenue, compared to $59.8 million during 2001.^[34] In 1998, 17,500 international banking companies were registered in Nevis. Registration and annual filing fees paid in 1999 by these entities amounted to over 10 percent of Nevis’ revenues.^[31] The offshore financial industry gained importance during the financial disaster of 1999 when Hurricane Lenny damaged the major resort on the island, causing the hotel to be closed down for a year and 400 of the 700 employees to be laid off.^[31]

In 2000 the Financial Action Task Force, part of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) issued a blacklist of 35 nations which were said to be non-cooperative in the campaign against tax evasion and money laundering. The list included the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, as well as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Luxembourg, the British Channel Islands, Israel, and Russia.^[35] No alleged misconduct had taken place on Nevis, but the island was included in the blanket action against all offshore financial business centres, as such centres cause a considerable loss of tax revenue for the G-7 countries.^[3] With new regulations in place, Saint Kitts and Nevis were removed from the list in 2002.^[36]

The official currency is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$), which is shared by eight other territories in the region.

[edit] Culture

See also: Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Culturama, the annual cultural festival of Nevis, is celebrated during the Emancipation Day weekend, the first week of August. The festivities include many traditional folk dances, such as the masquerade, the Mocko-Jumbies on stilts, Cowboys and Indians, and Plait the Ribbon, a May pole dance. The celebration was given a more organized form in 1974, including a Miss Culture Show and a Calypso Competition, as well as drama performances, old fashion Troupes (including Johnny Walkers, Giant and Spear, Bulls, Red Cross and Blue Ribbon), arts and crafts exhibitions and recipe competitions. According to the Nevis Department of Culture, the aim is to protect and encourage indigenous folklore, in order to make sure that the uniquely Caribbean culture can "reassert itself and flourish".^[37]

[edit] Famous Nevisians

Alexander Hamilton, the statesman and founding father of the United States was born on Nevis around 1755. His father was a trader from Scotland, his mother from Nevis. The place of his birth currently holds the Nevis Island Assembly Chambers and the Museum of Nevis History.

Duchess of Bronte Frances Fanny Nisbet, wife of British hero 1st Viscount Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson of Battle of Trafalgar fame, was a planter's daughter from Nevis, whose rich and influential uncle, John Herbert, was the President of the Council of Nevis.^[38] She married Lord Nelson on Nevis in 1787. A copy of the marriage certificate is on display at the St. John's Anglican Church in Nevis.

Eulalie Spence (1894-1981), pioneer playwright of the Harlem Renaissance, was born on Nevis on 11 Jun. 1894. She and her family moved to New York in 1902. She wrote fourteen plays, including "Fools Errand" which ran on Broadway in 1927. Her three act play, "The Whipping" was optioned by Paramount Studios, but never made into a film. Spence is famous for having introduced an affirming image of black women into early American drama, using her unique mix of folk art and political race drama. Several of her plays won awards.^[39]

Elquemedo Willett, born 1 May 1953, famous Nevisian cricket player and former Leeward Islands and West Indies left-arm spinner, was the first Leeward Islander to play Test cricket for the West Indies in 1973, when he was 19 years old. He was inducted into the Nevis Sports Museum Hall of Fame in 2005.^[40]

Cicely Tyson, born on 19 December 1933, Oscar-nominated in 1972, former wife of Miles Davis and winner of multiple Emmy Awards, is of Nevisian descent. Both her parents emigrated from Nevis to New York.

Constance Baker Motley (1921-2005), who as a young lawyer represented Martin Luther King, Jr., has Nevisian heritage and owned a home in Brown Hill, Nevis, near her ancestral home. Both her mother and father emigrated from Nevis.^[11] She attained fame as the first African-American woman appointed as a United States Federal judge, the first African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate and the first woman to serve as Manhattan borough president. She was also the first African-American woman to serve on the federal judiciary (1966), as well as the first African-American and the first woman to become Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (1982).

Melanie Brown, the former "Scary Spice" of Spice Girls, born on 29 May 1975 in Leeds, has a Nevisian father.

Alexander Hamilton

Frances Fanny Nisbet

Elquemedo Willett

Constance Baker Motley

Cicely Tyson

Melanie Brown

[edit] References and notes

[edit] Further reading

• Hubbard, Vincent K. 2002. Swords, Ships & Sugar. Premiere Editions International, Inc. ISBN 1-891519-05-0. A complete history of Nevis.

• Michener, James, A. 1989. Caribbean. Secker & Warburg. London. ISBN 0-436-27971-1 (Especially Chap. VIII. "A Wedding on Nevis", pp. 289-318). The book is a fictionalised account of Caribbean history, but according to the publisher, "...everything said about Nelson and his frantic search for a wealthy life is based on fact."

[edit] External links

[edit] Official Government sites

• Nevis Island Administration.
• Nevis Island Department of Culture.
• Nevis Ministry of Finance/Nevis Financial Services.
• NHCS - Nevis Heritage and Conservation Society.

[edit] Organisations

• Parliaments and Legislatures: CPA Branch Nevis. Nevis Island Assembly representation at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
• Medical University of the Americas, Nevis.
• Nevis Independence.
• Nevis Synagogue Archaeology Project

[edit] Media

• St. Kitts-Nevis Observer. Weekly newspaper.
• VON Radio. Radio broadcast from Nevis.

[edit] Tourism

• Geographia: Exploring Nevis. Official site created by the Saint Kitts and Nevis Department of Tourism.
• Nevis Island, Nevis Tourism Authority
• Saint Kitts and Nevis WikiTravel

Coordinates: 17°09′N 62°35′W