Nepenthes campanulata

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Nepenthes campanulata

N. campanulata. Cultivated plant.

Data deficient

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. campanulata

Binomial name

Nepenthes campanulata
Sh.Kurata (1973)

Holotype of Nepenthes campanulata from the now extinct Mount Ilas Bungaan population.

Nepenthes campanulata (Late Latin: campanulatus = bell-shaped), or the Bell-Shaped Pitcher-Plant,^[1] is a tropical pitcher plant species native to Borneo.

Forest fires destroyed the only known population of N. campanulata in 1983 and it was uncertain whether the species had survived elsewhere or was in fact extinct.^[2] It was rediscovered in 1997 several hundred kilometres from the type locality. N. campanulata is provisionally listed as Data Deficient on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[3]

N. campanulata has no known natural hybrids. No forms or varieties have been described.^[2]

1 Discovery and naming
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Taxonomy
5 Notes
6 References

[edit] Discovery and naming

N. campanulata was first collected in 1957^[I] on Mount Ilas Bungaan by A.J.G. 'Doc' Kostermans, the head of the Botanical Division of the Forestry Research Institute at Bogor, on the same expedition in which he collected the type material of N. mapuluensis. Kostermans wrote the following account of his discovery:^[1]

I was working for the Forestry Department at that time in Sangkulirang and when I had finished I wanted to find out about a flowering rock, Ilas Bungaan,^[II] upriver. After 10 days walking I saw the yellowish rock for the first time. When we were there we discovered that the yellow colour was that of the leaves of a Nepenthes completely covering the steep face of the 50 m high rock. We cut a tree that fell to the rock and acted as a ladder and climbed up. The Nepenthes was not in flower or fruit, but we found caves in the rock and in the caves a couple of boat-like coffins with sculptured dog-head ends which contained decapitated skeletons.

N. campanulata was described by Shigeo Kurata in 1973 based on a single specimen, Kostermans 13764, deposited at the herbarium of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.^[4] According to Kurata, the collector stated that the species was endemic to this single location "presumably owing to its habitat which is noted as sand and limestone walls at an altitude of 300 m".^[4]^[1]

The type material of N. campanulata lacks floral structures and these remained unknown until the species' rediscovery in 1997.

[edit] Description

N. campanulata produces short, cylindrical, climbing stems 20 to 50 cm tall^[4] and up to 4 mm thick. Leaves are coriaceous and sessile. The lamina is spathulate-lanceolate in morphology, up to 7 cm long, and 2 cm across. The apex of the lamina is rounded and slighly peltate. The base of the lamina is amplexicaul. Two to three longitudinal veins are present on each side. Pennate veins are inconspicuous. Tendrils are very short and stiff, rarely exceeding 4 cm in length.^[2]

Unlike most other species in the genus, N. campanulata produces only one type of pitcher. As the specific epithet suggests, these are campanulate or bell-shaped. The yellow-green pitchers grow to 7 cm in height and 5.5 cm in diameter. They do not possess fringed wings but instead bear two ribs running down the front. Inside the pitchers, the glandular region covers only the lowest quarter of the inner surface. The opening or mouth of the pitcher is circular and positioned horizontally. The peristome is greatly reduced and bears a row of tiny teeth. The pitcher lid is elliptic to oblong and has no appendages. An unbranched, 1 mm long spur is inserted at the base of the lid. N. campanulata is wholly glabrous.^[2]

Plants spread by means of subterranean runners. Mature plants often form large clumps with numerous growth points.^[5]

[edit] Distribution and habitat

The population of N. campanulata from which the type specimen originated was destroyed as a result of forest fires in 1983.^[5] All known populations were completely killed off in late 1991 or early 1992.^[6] N. campanulata was at this time thought to have become extinct. However, the species was rediscovered in 1997 by Ch'ien Lee on the limestone cliffs of Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, more than 400 km from the type location.^[3]^[7]

N. campanulata is a lowland species, growing at elevations of approximately 300 m. It inhabits damp, mossy areas on cliff faces and appears to be endemic to limestone substrates.^[2]

[edit] Taxonomy

In his description of N. campanulata, Kurata suggested that it may be closely related to N. inermis, a Sumatran endemic.^[4] However, other taxonomists disagree with this hypothesis.^[6] These two species are similar in general stature as well as pitcher morphology. However, they are not only separated by great geographical distance, but also occur in completely different habitats; N. campanulata is a lowland species endemic to limestone substrates, whereas N. inermis usually grows as an epiphyte at elevations of 1500 to 2600 m.^[2]^[8]

[edit] Notes

I. ^{^} Kostermans explored Mount Ilas Bungaan between September 8 and September 19, and it was during this time that he collected N. campanulata.^[9]

II. ^{^} Indonesian for "flowering rock"; ilas meaning "rock" and bungaan meaning "flowering".^[1]

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^a ^b Hilton-Taylor, C. (2006). Nepenthes campanulata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 06 May 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. Gard. Bull. Sing. 26(2): 227–232.
^ ^a ^b Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ ^a ^b Nerz, J. 1994. Nepenthes-discussion. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List.
^ Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.
^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
^ Nationaal Herbarium Nederland: André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans