Nelson, New Zealand

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 Geography
- 1.1 Climate
- 1.2 Centre of New Zealand?
2 Festivals
3 History
4 Sister cities
5 See also
6 External links

The City of Nelson stands on the southern shore of Tasman Bay, at the northern end of the South Island of New Zealand and is the administrative centre of the Nelson region. Nelson received its name in honour of the 1st Viscount Nelson and Admiral of the fleet that defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many of the roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle and Trafalgar Street is the main shopping axis of the city. Inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians.

The Nelson urban agglomeration (including the fast-growing adjacent town of Richmond) has a population of approximately 60,000 - and has recently had a population growth rate exceeding any other population centre in New Zealand.

Nelson is a centre for arts and crafts, and each year hosts popular events such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards were begun in Nelson and there is a Museum of Wearable Arts showcasing winning designs close to the Airport.

Nelson is the birthplace of Lord Rutherford, the Nobel prize-winning physicist whose image appears on New Zealand's one hundred dollar banknote (the largest denomination in circulation in New Zealand).

Nelson's Māori name, Whakatū, means "a place to stand", literally meaning "home".

A view of Nelson from the "Centre of New Zealand"

[edit] Geography

The Nelson Tasman or "Top of the South" region is administered as two unitary authorities by Nelson City Council and the (much larger in geographical area) adjoining Tasman District Council head quartered in Richmond 15 kilometres to the south west. It is positioned between Marlborough, another unitary authority, to the east and the West Coast to the west.

For some while there has been talk about amalgamating[1] [2] [3] the two authorities in order to streamline and render more financially economical the existing co-operation between the two councils exemplified[4] by Latitude Nelson[5] (their jointly owned tourist promotion vehicle).

Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a natural breakwater known as the Boulder Bank, which also reduces the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tahunanui where a recent project to protect the silver sands from tidal scouring and the coastal dune system from erosion has proved a great success. This allows for some of the safest sea bathing in the country.

Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides with Tasman Bay on the other. It functions as the gateway to the Abel Tasman National Park, the Kahurangi National Park, and Rotoiti and Rotoroa in the Nelson Lakes National Park. It is a centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism, and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and Mount Owen.

The marker at the "Centre of New Zealand"

[edit] Climate

Many people believe Nelson has the best climate in New Zealand, in that it regularly tops the national statistics for sunshine hours, with an annual average total of over 2400 hours. You can see the raw data here: [6]

[edit] Centre of New Zealand?

The geographical "Centre of New Zealand" allegedly lies in Nelson; on a hilltop suspiciously convenient to the centre of the city. This supposed "centre" was simply the convenient starting point for the original trigonometrical surveys of the South Island. The true geographical centre lies in a patch of unremarkable dense scrub in a forest on Spooner's Range near Tapawera, 35 kilometres southwest of Nelson.

The first rugby match in New Zealand took place at the Botanic Reserve in Nelson on May 14, 1870, between the Nelson Football Club and Nelson College and an informative commemorative plaque was renovated at the western edge of the grassed area by Nelson City Council in 2006.

[edit] Festivals

Music lovers have the biennial Nelson School of Music Winter Music Festival, the Adam New Zealand Festival of Chamber Music [7] and the annual Jazz Festival.

The Taste Nelson festival at Founders Park highlights this regions gastronomy, the Festival of Possibilities features well-being and wonderment, while the Suter International Film Festival screens 20 non-Hollywood films in late May to June every year.

The Nelson Kite Festival takes advantage of the reliable sea breezes that blow inland from Tasman Bay across Neale Park each afternoon with wind lovers arriving from around New Zealand and from overseas.

A panorama over Nelson City

[edit] History

[edit] Early settlement

Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori. There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. The earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes.

Raids from northern tribes in the 1820's, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population and quickly displaced them.

[edit] New Zealand Company

The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some 200,000 acres (800 km²) which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell (at a considerable profit) to intending settlers. The Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and for the construction of public works. However by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this the Colony pushed ahead.

Three ships sailed from London under the command of Captain Arthur Wakefield. Arriving in New Zealand, they discovered that the new Governor of the colony, William Hobson would not give them a free hand to secure vast areas of land from the Māori or indeed to decide where to site the colony. However, after some delay, Hobson allowed the Company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the site now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. But it had a major drawback: it lacked suitable arable land; Nelson City stands right on the edge of a mountain range while the nearby Waimea Plains amount to only about 60,000 acres (243 km²), less than one third of the area required by the Company plans.

The Company secured from the Māori for £800 a vague and undetermined area, but including Nelson, Waimea, Motueka, Riwaka and Whakapuaka. This allowed the settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841. When the four first immigrant ships arrived three months later they found the town already laid out with streets, some wooden houses, tents and rough sheds. These ships were the Fifeshire, the Mary-Ann, the Lord Auckland and the Lloyds. Within eighteen months the Company had sent out eighteen ships with 1052 men, 872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners.

Notably, the early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau (Upper Moutere) and Neudorf.

After a brief initial period of prosperity the inherent problems, the lack of land and the lack of capital caught up with the settlement and it entered a prolonged period of relative depression. Organised immigration ceased until the 1850s and the laborers had to accept a cut in their wages by a third. By the end of 1843 artisans and laborers began leaving Nelson and by 1846 some twenty five percent of the immigrants had moved away.

The pressure to find more arable land became intense. To the south-east of Nelson lay the wide and fertile plains of the Wairau Valley. The New Zealand Company tried to claim that they had purchased the land. The Māori owners stated quite adamantly that the Wairau Valley had not formed part of the original land sale and made it clear they would resist any attempts by the settlers to occupy the area. The Nelson settlers led by Arthur Wakefield and Henry Thompson attempted to do just that. This resulted in the Wairau Affray, wherein twenty-two settlers died. The subsequent Government enquiry exonerated the Māori and found that the Nelson settlers had no legitimate claim to any land outside Tasman Bay.

Urban Area
Nelson Whakatū

Population: (June 2006 estimate)	60,500 (urban) 46,400 [8] (unitary)
Extent:	from Glenduan to the Wairoa River
Unitary authority
Name:	Nelson City
Mayor:	Paul Matheson
Extent:	from Rai Saddle to Stoke
Land Area:	444km²

[edit] Nelson Province

From 1853 until 1876, Nelson was the capital of Nelson Province.

[edit] Surviving historic buildings

Christ Church Cathedral
Amber House
Broadgreen House
Cabragh House
Chez Eelco
Founders Park Windmill
Isel House
Melrose House
Nelson Central School Renwick House
South Street Cottages
Victorian Rose Pub

[edit] Sister cities

Miyazu, Japan
City of Huangshi, People's Republic of China;
Eureka, CA, USA

[edit] See also

Nelson Airport

[edit] External links

	Regions of New Zealand
North Island:	Northland \| Auckland \| Waikato \| Bay of Plenty \| Gisborne¹ \| Hawke's Bay \| Taranaki \| Manawatu-Wanganui \| Wellington
South Island:	Tasman¹ \| Marlborough¹ \| Nelson¹ \| West Coast \| Canterbury \| Otago \| Southland
	¹ Unitary authorities