Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk
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The Nederduits Gereformeerde Church is a Dutch Reformed Church denomination which took root in South Africa, where it is the oldest and largest of several Dutch Reformed Church denominations.
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[edit] History
[edit] Colonial period
When the Dutch East India Company sent Jan van Riebeeck to start a vegetable garden at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, most of the company's employees were members of the Dutch Reformed Church.
At first there were no ordained ministers from the church in the Netherlands, to exercise pastoral care, but only a sick comforter. The first minister, Johan van Arckel arrived in 1665 and a consistory was formed, but was still subject to the control of the classis or presbytery in Amsterdam.
In 1688 200 Huguenot refugees arrived at the Cape. Though they were at first allowed to hold services in French, they were eventually assimilated into the Dutch-speaking population, and became members of the Dutch Reformed Church, which had a monopoly in territory controlled by the company. An exception was eventually allowed for a Lutheran Church in Cape Town (many of the company's employees were German).
During the Napoleonic Wars the British occupied the Cape Colony in 1795 to prevent the French from doing so. The French had occupied the Netherlands, and so the link between the Cape Dutch Reformed Church and the Amsterdam presbytery was broken. The first British occupation was temporary, but in 1806 a long-term occupation was undertaken, and for the next century the Cape Colony would be under British control. Ministers from the Netherlands were not as willing to serve in what was now for them a foreign country, and the British authorities were not keen to have them. Presbyterian ministers from Scotland were encouraged to serve the needs of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Cape. The Dutch Reformed Church was semi-established, and the government helped with stipends of ministers.
The colony had expanded a longway beyond the Cape Peninsula in the preceding two centuries, both to the north and the east, and on the eastern frontier the Dutch farmers came into contact with Xhosa-speaking cattle herders. There were conflicts over grazing and water, and cattle rustling across the frontier. The frontier farmers did not like the way the government in Cape Town handled the situation, and the ending of slavery in 1834 was another bone of contention. Afrikaner Calvinism was developing a different worldview to that of the British rulers, and many farmers left the Cape Colony in the Great Trek.
The Dutch Reformed ministers generally tried to discourage them, and as the Dutch Reformed Church was the established church of the colony, did not initially provide pastoral ministry for the emigrant farmers, who eventually formed two independent republics, the Oranje-Vrijstaat between the Vaal and Orange rivers, and the South African Republic (ZAR) in the land beyond the Vaal (Transvaal).
Because the Cape Dutch Reformed Church was seen by the trekkers as being an agent of the Cape government, the also did not trust its ministers and emissaries, seeing them as attempts by the Cape government to regain political control. There were also religious divisions among the trekkers themselves. The more conservative ones (known as Doppers) were opposed to singing hymns in church. A minister from the Netherlands, Dirk Van der Hoff went to the Transvaal in 1853, and became a minister in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, which was constituted in 1856, and in 1860 recognised as the State Church of the South African Republic, separate from the Cape Church.
In the mean time there had been controversy in the Netherlands over hymn singing as well, and a group had broken away from the Netherlands Reformed Church to form the Christian Reformed Church. A minister from this group, Dirk Postma also travelled to the South African Republic, and was accepted as a minister of the Hervormde Kerk, but on learning that he and his congregation could be required to sing hymns, he and the Doppers broke away from the state church to form the Gereformeerde Kerk. There were thus now three Dutch Reformed Church]]es in South Africa -- the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (the Cape Synod), the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, which was the state church of the South African Republic, and the Gereformeerde Kerk, led by Postma.
In the Cape Church meanwhile there was more controversy over theological liberalism and theological conservatism. An evangelical revival led by Andrew Murray tipped the balance away from theological liberalism. One result of the revival was that many young men felt called to the ministry, and a seminary was opened at Stellenbosch. The NG Kerk was thus no longer dependent on getting its clergy from overseas, and as most of the recruits to the ministry had emerged from the revival this was the dominant element. One of its features was a kind fo Reformed "Lent", between Ascension Day and Pentecost, as custom that eventually spread beyond the confines of the NG Kerk.
The revival also led to an interest in mission work, which led to the establishment of the Dutch Reformed Mission Church for coloureds and the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa for blacks. These were segregated entirely from the white churches, but eventually united to form the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa.
The NG Kerk expanded from the Cape Colony, but in Natal and the two inland republics it set up separate synods that were at first loosely federated, but later developed a closer relationship.
Following the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) the NG Kerk played an important role in reconstruction, and resisting the tendency of the British rulers to Anglicse the Afrikaners. As the church ministers became increasingly involved in attempts to uplift the Afrikaner people, they also became politicised, and many became spokesmen for Afrikaner nationalism.
[edit] Union and after
The four British colonies formed the Union of South Africa in 1910, a self-governing dominion within the British Empire.
[edit] Achterbergh Declaration
On 6-8 November 2006, 127 representatives of the Reformed Church in Africa, the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa and the Dutch Reformed Church met at Achterbergh near Krugersdorp to discuss the reunification of the family of Dutch Reformed Churches in South Africa, and how this can be realized.
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Hinchliff, Peter (1968). The church in South Africa. London: SPCK. ISBN 0-281-02277-1.
