Muscovy Duck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Domestic Muscovy Ducks are popularly known as "Barbary Duck"
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
| Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
The Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata is a large duck which is native to Mexico, Central and South America. A small wild population reaches into the US in the lower Rio Grande River basin in Texas. There also is a significant feral population in southern Florida and southern Texas. The Muscovy Duck has also occurred as far north as Tennessee and Arkansas.
The wild Muscovy Duck is all-dark apart from the white in the wings, with long talons on its feet and a wide flat tail. The male is 86 cm long and weighs 3 kg, much larger than the 64 cm long, 1.3 kg female. His most distinctive features are a bare red face with a pronounced caruncle at the base of the bill and a low erectile crest of feathers. The drake has a dry hissing call, and the hen a quiet trilling coo.
[edit] Behaviour
This non-migratory species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes and streams, and often roosts in trees at night.
This species, like the Mallard, does not form stable pairs, and will mate with related birds. When Muscovies mate with other species of ducks the offspring are called mules and are unable to reproduce. Muscovy x Domestic duck breeds are common and are used as meat birds, they grow fast like mallard derived breeds and get to be a large size like muscovies.. The Muscovies will mate in the water or on land.
The hen lays a clutch of 8-16 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35 days. The sitting hen will leave the nest once a day from 20 minutes to one and one half hours, and will then defecate, drink water, eat and sometimes bathe. Once the eggs begin to hatch it may take 24 hours for all the chicks to break through their shells. When feral chicks are born they usually stay with their mother for about 10-12 weeks. Their bodies cannot produce all the heat they need, especially in temperate regions, so they will stay close to the mother especially at night. The father does not assist with rearing the chicks. Some adult Muscovys will peck at the chicks if they are eating at the same food source.
The Muscovy Duck has benefited from nest boxes in Mexico, but is somewhat uncommon in much of the east of its range due to excessive hunting.
The Muscovy Duck is a somewhat aggressive breed. The males often fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often.
[edit] Diet
The Muscovy Duck's diet consists of plant material obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, with some small vertebrates and insects.
[edit] DNA sequencing
It was formerly placed into the paraphyletic "perching duck" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the Anatinae subfamily of dabbling ducks. Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes (Johnson & Sorenson, 1999), however, indicates that it might be closer to the genus Aix and better placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae; in addition, the other species of Cairina, the rare White-winged Wood Duck, seems to belong into a distinct genus.
[edit] Domestication
The Muscovy Duck has been domesticated for centuries, and is commercially known as Barbary Duck. This breed is popular because it has stronger-tasting meat, like roast beef, and is less noisy. The carcass of a Muscovy Duck is also much heavier than that of most other domesticated ducks, which make it ideal for the dinner table. Domesticated birds, like those pictured, often plumage features differing from that of wild birds, and are also usually also bulkier. Muscovy hens range in weight from 2 to 5 kg (5 to 10 pounds), while drakes are commonly 5 to 7 kg pounds (10 to 15).
Domesticated birds can breed to three times each year. Some have-escaped into the wild and now breed outside the native domain, including in western Europe and the United States.
The Muscovy Duck can be crossed with the domestic duck in captivity to produce hybrids which are known as Mulard Duck ("mule duck") because they are sterile) and are often used in the production of foie gras.
In England, they are particularly common in East Anglia. A notable magnate of the thirteenth century, Sir Hugo de Trumpington featured the Muscovy Duck on his crest.
[edit] Problems with feral populations
Some feral populations, such as that in Florida are said to present problems. Muscovy Ducks, can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on condominium balconies or under roof overhangs.
Problems arise from aggressive begging for food and mess created by droppings. It is said that each adult duck produces about 150 g (1/3-pound) of droppings per day, and they defecate in swimming pools and on patios and docks. This presents a possible health hazard. They have been known to mate with wild Mallard Ducks, creating another potential nuisance.
In Florida, Muscovy Ducks are now considered "invasive", but are protected in by state statute 828.12, which makes shooting or hurting them in anyway punishable by law.
Legal methods to restrict breeding include not feeding these ducks, deterring them with noise or by chasing, and finding nests and vigorously shaking the eggs to render them nonviable. Returning the eggs to the nest will avoid re-laying as she would if the clutch were removed.
[edit] Humane duck population management
The goal of this plan is to humanely reduce the number of offspring produced by resident ducks. Consideration of a duck's natural nesting instinct is critical, otherwise such a plan will be unsuccessful.
Simply destroying all nests or eggs will only result in the duck renesting in different locations until she has a successful hatch. This is the key consideration when managing active nests. The duck must be allowed to incubate and hatch at least 2 ducklings, otherwise she will abandon the nest and immediately start a new nest elsewhere. Allowing her 2 viable eggs will ensure that this duck will spend 3 weeks incubating and up to 12 weeks caring for her 2 ducklings.
The goal is to alter all but two of the eggs in a nest so that they are unable to hatch. This can only be accomplished during the laying period (before incubation). If there is any doubt regarding the development of the eggs, a sampling should be taken to a local wildlife rehabilitator for candling.
During the laying period (before incubation), the eggs are still dormat and should be vigorously shaken to cause the internal structure to change (comparable to scrambling the egg inside the shell). Each shaken egg should be dated with a crayon the day it is shaken and returned to the nest. Removing the altered eggs could result in the duck abandoning the nest and starting a new one elsewhere if she feels a predator has discovered the site. The eggs can also be coated with vegetable oil. Do not shake two of the eggs. These eggs should be labeled by crayon as "Viable". Keep the unshaken eggs on top of or away from any oiled eggs. The shaken eggs can be safely pierced and discarded one week after the female leaves the nest with her new ducklings, or 45 days after incubation began. NEVER shake an incubated egg; it has begun development and rather than rendering the egg infertile it could result in a deformed duckling.
Note: This information refers to domestic ducks only! It is a violation of federal law to disturb the eggs, nests, or raise ducklings of all wild ducks without first obtaining the necessary permits.
[edit] Gallery
 A female |
 |
 Young |
 Duckling |
 Female with ducklings |
 |
 Getting flight feathers |
 13 of 15 Muscovy chicks |
 13 week old male |
 Male |
[edit] References
- BirdLife International (2004). Cairina moschata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- Donkin, R. A. (1989): Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata domestica: Origins, Dispersal, and Associated Aspects of the Geography of Domestication. A.A. Balkema Publishers, B.R. Rotterdam.
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
- Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D. (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116(3): 792–805. PDF fulltext
- Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
