User:Mr Minchin/Drafts/Saint-Malo/fr to en
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Template:Common française Saint-Malo is a Breton city forming commune française, located in département of Ille-and-Unpleasant (région Bretagne). Its inhabitants are called Malouins . It is called Saent-Malo in gallo and Sant-Maloù in Breton.
Contents |
[edit] Géographie
Saint-Malo is a seaport located on Manche, with the mouth of the estuary of Rancid which is an arm of the sea being transformed into river, delimited side sea by usine of the stopping of Rancid and side ground by the city of Dinan (to 18 km of the mouth). The access to the wearing of Saint-Malo is protected by many reefs and breaking immersed to high tide, by [[tombolos] the] underwater ones (visible with the sharp water low tides), by islands or small islands of which much was strengthened with the Template:XVIIe S and Template:XVIIIe century S (Cézembre, Strong Harbour, the fort of Conchée, it Grand Bey and it Petit Bey, Islet of Strong National). The intramural city (historical Saint-Malo) was surrounded by built and rebuilt ramparts Template:XIIe S with the Template:XIXe century S, to which the architects Vauban and Siméon de Garengeau associated the insular fortifications. A specificity of the ramparts of Saint-Malo east which they are posed on the rock which supports the intramural city, and hold only by the weight of the piled up stones. Saint-Malo controls the Close-Chicken (name resulting from “Louse-Alet”, of Latin Pagus Aleti , “country of Alet”) which is delimited by Rancid, it Manche and depression of Châteauneuf. The city faces Dinard. Cancale the east the coast shows from Close-Chicken, composing part of the Emerald Coast inspired of the model of the Riviera . Today the commune includes also the districts of Saint-Servan, Paramé and Rothéneuf. The phenomena of tide are accentuated in western Handle by the water concentration in an enormous triangular bay between Bretagne and Cotentin. To the maximum, it marling can reach 14 meters there, that is to say more of the double of ordinary marling in the Atlantic. For this reason it barrage of the tidal power plant was built precisely on the Rancid one (the other option being the bay of Michaelmas Mount) at the beginning of years 1960.
[edit] Administration
The vertiginous fall of the number of its inhabitants after the war led Saint-Malo to amalgamate in 1967 with two communes bordering, Paramé and Saint-Servan-on-Sea, in spite of the old competition between Saint-Servan and Saint-Malo. The name of Saint-Malo was applied to the unit. The city is the chief town of two cantons:
- The canton of Saint-Malo-North made of part of Saint-Malo (29 137 inhabitants);
- The canton of Saint-Malo-South (formerly canton of Saint-Servan-on-Sea) formed of part of Saint-Malo and communes of Gouesnière and Saint-Jouan-of-Guérets (25 090 inhabitants).
[edit] Histoire
[edit] Antiquité
Reginca (Gallic name at the origin of that of Rance ), located at the site of modern Saint-Servan (quoted of Aleth) to the mouth of Rancid, was the principal maritime center of Coriosolites. These Armorican people extended his control on an active territory of bay of Saint-Brieuc to baie of the Michaelmas Mount and following to the south the course of Oust and of Unpleasant. He took part in several Gallic alliances anti-Romans into 56 and 52 front JC, without success. To control them and avoid the bonds transmanche with the Breton people combined with Gallic, the Romans imposed on Coriosolites a capital in the grounds, with Corseul. A fire puts an end essentially to the occupation of the site of Alet (except for the essential activities harbour which is maintained), with the profit of the news Corseul/Fanum Martis. At the end of the III° century, the general insecurity in Gaule and especially on the English Channel carried out the imperial administration to strengthen the port of Alet. At the end of the IV° century (about year 368?), one of two quarterings of the legion of the “Martenses” joined Alet (the other being into Germanic with Altrip), according to Notitia dignitatum. A military prefect ordered there around 300 légionaries. Corseul remained however the administrative chief town of the city of Coriosolites. Alet was then the principal Armorican port of the English Channel between Brest and Cotentin. Many archaeological traces, whose portions of rise in the walls of the III° century, attest still nowadays.
of it At the same time future Saint-Malo was only one uninhabited small island, if not by some fishermen.
With the example of Breton, the Armorican ones are released from the Roman administration towards 420, at the beginning of Martense S. Alet is depopulated then strongly, because of this departure and of the incursions of pirates Frisons and Saxon whom it made easier. It is at this time that is placed the Breton immigration which would have been done on a coast depopulated according to vitae of the Breton saints. This massive immigration changed the ethnic and linguistic composition city of Coriosolites, mixing Bretons and Gallo-Romans. It disturbed the organization of the Gallo-Roman cities so much so that there was not with the Template:Ve century of évêché at Coriosolites and Osismes whereas it had been created by it at Vénètes Valves, Namnètes Nantes and Riedones Rennes.
[edit] Haut moyen-âge
The Latin vita of St Malo ( MacLeod , Maclaw or Maclou ), made up about year 870 by the Bili deacon with Alet, the fact of being born about year 510 with Llancarvan in the Breton kingdom from Gwent (in the south of current Wales). Godson and disciple of St Brendan, it followed it in its legendary voyages to the Fortunées islands. Accompanying the Breton migration by Large towards Small Brittany, it unloaded in Cézembre (then outer harbour of Alet) then joined towards 538 the Breton hermit Aaron on the rock on which this one had been withdrawn with the shelter of temptations of the world. This small island called Canalch ( Canalchius insulae ) or rock of Aaron , became the rock of St Malo with died of St Aaron into 541. Malo would then have left it to join the city of Alet to a few hundred meters from there. It would have been elected by it bishop into 590. But entered in conflict with Aletins, Malo left the city for Saintes where he died one November 15 about year 621. Its relics were relocated into 672 with the cathedral of Alet and the hermitage of St-Aaron. During the invasion Norman in X° century they were transported to Paris then with Montreuil-on-Sea before being dispersed. Historically, an episcopal see is attested in Alet only with the Template:VIIIe century, with the bishops Haelocar, Ermor, Iarnwalt, Maen, Salocon (eh yes), Rethwalatr, Ratuili… These names all, Breton, indicate that Alet is then in Breton-speaking zone. In 575, the prince domnonéen Judual would have rebuilt Alet. At the end of the Template:VIIe century, the Breton chief Cadgualon came to seek assistance against the Saxon ones there, testifying to the importance of the city at that time. With the Template:Xe century, the Arab historian Ibrahim B' Ya' Qub speaks about the port of “krmalh”, which indicates to us that the name of “Ker Malo” started to replace that of Alet. The city is however named in various texts “Quidalet”, contraction of “Civit (have) Alet”. The Norman attacks of 878, 919, 931, 963 ruined the city durably, as attests some the Crude novel.
[edit] Moyen-âge
Was this for this reason that the last bishop of Alet Jean de Châtillon, known as Jean of the Grid, transferred the seat from the diocese of Alet to the island of Saint-Malo between 1146 and 1152? In any case, it found there the church which the monks Benedictines had built there and theirs took. It is not known if the arrival of the bishop precedes or follows the first urbanization of Saint-Malo.
Alet lost much with this transfer. It became a district of Saint-Servan, but the ruins of its cathedral are still visible in the City. Évêché of Saint-Malo was one of “neuf évêchés” of Brittany.
[edit] Renaissance and old régime
Indépendance In 1601, the “Company of the merchants of Saint-Malo, Laval and Vitré” arms two ships, the “ Corbin “and the” Croissan T “which make a long stopover in bay of Holy Augustin with Madagascar. (see relation of François Pyrard). * Revolts of 1675: this city is quoted to have taken part in Revolt of the stamped paper occurred in 1675.
[edit] Histoire moderne
Commerce and Guerre of race Falkland Islands, South Atlantic off Argentina, fûrent called thus in the honor of the many crews of Saint-Malo which made stopover there before the passage of Horn towards Pacifique.
Saint-Malo was a port corsair active, where illustrated Duguay-Trouin and Surcouf, specialized in the war of race against the English and Dutch vessels.
[edit] Histoire contemporaine
In August 1944, the American columns moving towards Brest to destroy the underwater base of it were bombarded by German artillery of Saint-Malo. Decided not to risk the life of their servant boys , pressed to finish some with the “ Holy Festung Malo ” for ruer on Brest and scalded by the many losses wiped a few days earlier on other bank of Rancid, the Americans rammed on suspicion the historical city with incendiary bombs with the phosphorus, and this although the German garrison which stationed there was very reduced there - 70 men, assigned to the DCA - and that the American army was informed by it by Resistance. Saint-Malo was almost completely devastated by the fires which followed - 80% of the pieces of furniture, personal buildings, files, goods. This destruction, according to a version distorts but popularized immediately, would have been due to the fact that the resistant ones having warned the Americans whom the Germans were held in their bunkers of Cézembre and of the City (name of a district of St-Servan), the Americans believed that the “Quoted” word indicated the heart of the city (in English “the city”) of St-Malo and bombarded consequently it. Saint-Malo was almost entirely rebuilt according to a plan close to original (except some tributes with the motor vehicle traffic and healthiness) under the impulse to its mayor Guy the Room (inhabitant of Saint Malo and former minister of State), of the architects Louis Arretche and Raymond Cornon, of his inhabitants, the ministry for the Rebuilding and thanks to many gifts come from Quebec, over one 12 years period (1948-1960). First town of France having developed a center pioneer of thalassotherapy (marine thermal baths, care based on the administration of sea water baths in various forms), accomodating several lines of ferries towards England and them Anglo-Norman islands, Saint-Malo saw much of its port and tourism throughout the year. The Mount-Saint-Michel very near in fact a port of arrival (trains & boats) to explore the area.
[edit] L' history of the rebuilding of Malo Saint. (Architecture)
We owe the foregrounds of the rebuilding of intramural Saint-Malo in Marc Brillaud of Laujardiere (great price of Rome). The question was then: is it necessary to give again with intramurally its functions of the past? (Center administrative, Hospital, school and commercial). However it is impossible to restore the old streets in such a context (difficult case of rebuilding). In December 1944, Marc Brillaud a plan proposes which modifies urban fabric completely and envisages several large openings, in particular those which join the doors to the cathedral. The administrative buildings are gathered around the cathedral; in addition, it modifies the streets which it widens up to 8 m and evacuates the hospital out of intramural then it provides a first draft for the frontages of the buildings, their height limits on 3 floors plus a livable roof in the roofs. The frontages are of a very sober style which avoids the pastiche of the historical styles. The whole of this device is validated in 1946 and is approved by the ministry. At this time the things will trail because of the situation of the country. Blow the polemic settles and in February 1947 the association of the disaster victims of Saint-Malo claims a style inhabitant of Saint Malo while asserting that this style must be harmonized with what remains past (ramparts and castle) and must adapt to the modern life. The disaster victims dispute in particular the policy of the MH (Historic buildings) and ask so that the commercial wood frontages be authorized in intramurally. At this period, Marc Brillaud leaves Saint-Malo because it is called by the ministry with other functions on Caen. It will be replaced by Raymond Puthomme who will not manage to assert himself. The inhabitants of Saint Malo ask that the rebuilding is entrusted to Yves Hémar (local architect), known for the construction of balneal villas; however, it is not retained for the totality of work. One will préfèrera to him Louis Arretche (great price of Rome), important architect of after war. Louis Arretche will take again the drafts of Marc Brillaud while specifying: “the success of the rebuilding depends above all on the profile and the aspect on the four maritime and harbour frontages on the city” on Saint-Malo, rare city French which can be discovered of the same glance and on all the with dimensions ones. “To firstly restore the four large frontages of the city closely connected to give him its former silhouette and to determine the gauge of the vessel…” Arretche will preserve the profiles of the cathedral, of the castle… according to the will of Raymond Cornon. These are the buildings which fix the main lines of overall volume. Inside, the rebuilding of the buildings will be marked by a much greater freedom. The town hall is in the castle, the hospital and the prison out of the walls, which releases a great surface on the ground. Arretche widens the streets, re-allocates the trade and envisages a height higher on 3 floors (5 or 6 levels). It will use the closed small island (block of houses with interior court). The frontages of the buildings are built without sumptuary elements while exploiting only the setback with exceptionally of the terraces to protect the trade. The slope of the roofs will be to 50 and 60 °; the choice of materials imposed will be granite and slate without forgetting the rough concrete of dismantling…
[edit] Le port of commerce
voir detailed article Saint-Malo is an active commercial port, it is classified of national interest. In 2000, it was located at the 16th rank, equality at the time with Brest. It 9th the is also shouted regional one and a marina. Located well on a regional level, it misses nevertheless some assets, its situation of centre town limits it in the dangerous matter reception, and the strong tourist traffic disturbs the approach of its installations. Its access is also made difficult from the amplitude of the tides.
the port ferry (final of the naye) receives the ships Brittany Ferries and Condor ferries
[edit] Monuments and places touristiques
Saint-Malo was until 2005 ville of art and history.
- it Saint-Vincent cathedral of Saint-Malo, dedicated to saint Vincent of Saragossa;
- the old cathedral of Alet (in ruin);
- Gallo-Roman walls of Alet;
- it Solidor Turn, dedicated to the ocean voyages;
- the German base of the City;
- the castle, built by the dukes of Brittany (Jean IV, Jean V, François II and it Duchesse Anne, then improved by Siméon de Garangeau, disciple of Vauban);
- the museum of history recreated by daN Lailler;
- them remparts of the closed city;
- it Hotel of Asfeld, last hotel of ship-owner (Magon) preserved after the war;
- it Strong National, accessible to low tide;
- it fort of Small Bé, accessible to low tide;
- fall it from Chateaubriand on île of Large Bé the, accessible one to tide low;
- balneal villas of Paramé;
- statues of Jacques Cartier, Duguay-Trouin, Surcouf, Châteaubriand, Louis Duchesne… scattered in the city.
[edit] Personnages célèbres
Saint-Malo is the birthplace of:
- Jacques Cartier (1491 - 1557), discoverer and explorator of Canada;
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698 - 1759), mathematician and astronomer;
- Rene Duguay-Trouin (1673, 1736), corsair, Lieutenant-General of the Navy under Louis XIV;
- Bertrand-François Mahé of Bourdonnais (1699 - 1753), navigator and administrator of Mascareignes;
- Bernard Thomas Tréhouart (1754 - 1804), ship-owner and mayor of the city;
- François-Rene de Chateaubriand (1768 - 1848), writer, diplomat;
- Robert Surcouf (1773 - 1827), sailor, trading, ship-owner, corsair;
- Happiness Robert de Lamennais (1782 - 1854), priest, philosopher and writer;
- Louis Duchesne (1843 - 1922) historian, member of the French Academy;
- Louis Aubert (1877 - 1968), type-setter.
[edit] Enseignement
It lycée Jacques Cartier, public college, with the characteristic to have a wooded park and one malouinière sheltering the offices of the administration. In 2005 this college counted 1600 pupils.
[edit] Devises
- with the Middle Ages: “ Cellar canem ” (“Take guard with the dog”, in Latin), in reference to Dogs of the guet, of the released mastiffs the night in the city and on the strike;
- “ Semper Fidelis ” (“Always Faithful (S)”); a fidelity symbolized on its armorial bearings by the presence of Hermine, which one also finds on the Breton flag in his stylized form, but which one is unaware of if it indicates the fidelity of the city to something or that of the inhabitants of Saint Malo at the city;
- local currency worship: “Neither French, nor Breton, Malouin am” (fuzzy origin, perhaps in reference to the “republic” inhabitant of Saint Malo of 1590 to 1594); “Inhabitant of Saint Malo initially, Breton after, French if it remains about it” (in its current version).
[edit] Héraldique
Blazon of the town of Saint-Malo:
- Of mouths to the moving gold harrow of the point of the ecu, summoned of a busy hermine of money lampassée of sand, joined and buckled of gold, cravatée of hermine.
[edit] Evènement
- Quay of the Bubbles - Festival of comic strip and of the projected image - Web site
- the Road of Rum
- the Road of the Rock'n'roll
- the Travel of the sailing ships in the past it Cutty Sark.
- Astonishing travellers (literary living room). Web site * Folklore of the world (Festival of music of the world)
[edit] Journal
- the Country Inhabitant of Saint Malo
[edit] Liens externes
- official Site of the town of Saint-Malo
- Tourism in Saint-Malo
- Geography of Brittany, gate of the cities and countries Breton - Saint-Malo/Sant-Maloù
Template:Model: Brittany of: Saint-Malo in: Saint-Malo SNA: Saint-Malo
