Monguor

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Monguor
Alternative names: Tu, Mongour, Tsagaan mongghol

Total population
240,000 (est.)
Regions with significant populations
China: Qinghai, Gansu
Languages
Monguor, Wutunhua
Religions
Tibetan Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Mongols

The Monguor (Simplified Chinese: 土; pinyin: Tǔ) people are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Most of them live in Qinghai province, some of them in Gansu province.

They call themselves "Mongour" (also spelled "Monguor") or "Tsagaan mongghol", which literally means White Mongols (i.e., "West Mongols," according to the philosophy of the Five Elements), and are closely related to the Mongols. However, they are classified as a separate minority in the Peoples' Republic of China, partly due to the fact that they have intermingled with the Tibetan and Turkic people. There are some scholars who believe that the Tu are the descendants of the Tuyuhun. The name Tǔ(rén) meaning local people comes from when Han Chinese began migrating to the regions where the Monguor were already well established.

1 Language
2 Miscellaneous
3 Bibliography
4 External links
5 External links

[edit] Language

The Monguor language, which has been recently identified as two separate but related languages—Mongghul (once known as the Huzhu dialect of Monguor/Tu) and Mangghuer (formerly the Minhe dialect of Monguor/Tu)—is a Mongolic language. In recent years, Pinyin-based orthographies have been created for both languages.

In addition, some people speak Wutunhua, a mixed language based on Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian.

[edit] Miscellaneous

The current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is Mongour by ethnicity.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Bibliography

Anonymous. 1977. Pater Lodewijk, Jozef, Maria Schram (1883-1971), Een Brugs missionaris en etnoloog. Haec Olim 21: 16-24.
Dpal ldan bkra shis, Hu Jun, Hu Ping, Limusishiden (Li Dechun), Keith Slater, Kevin Stuart, Wang Xianzhen, and Zhu Yongzhong. 1996. Language Materials of China’s Monguor Minority: Huzhu Mongghul and Minhe Mangghuer. Sino-Platonic Papers No 69.
Arienne M. Dwyer. 2005. Language Contact and Variation: A Discourse-based Grammar of Monguor. http://neh.gov/grants/guidelines/delsamples/mongour.pdf.
Ethnologue. 12 June 2004. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=WUH
Feng Lide and Kevin Stuart. 1992. Interethnic Cultural Contact on the Inner Asian Frontier: The Gangou People of Minhe County, Qinghai. Sino Platonic Papers No 33.
Kenneth L. Field. 1997. A Grammatical Overview of Santa Mongolian. University of California, Santa Barbara PhD dissertation.
Stefan Georg. 2003. Mongghul. IN Janhunen 2003:286-306.
Hasibate, editor. 1986. Tuzu yu cidian [Tu Language Dictionary]. Mongolian Language Family Dialects Research Series Vol. 14. Huhehaote: Nei menggu renmin chubanshe [Inner Mongolia People’s Press].
J. Van Hecken. 1977. Schram, Lodewijk, Jozef, Maria, missionaris en etnoloog. Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek 7:856-865.
http://dogbert.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?&imageField.y=0&imageField.x=0&ph=2&cmid=hp-search-form&tn=monguors&sts=t
http://www.e-meld.org/school/case/monguor/storyofdata.html [Case Studies: Monguor Data Collection].
http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/WebpageDobes1/DOBES/teams/Salar-Monguor/salar-monguorTemp.html [Salar and Monguor grammatical sketches; pictures and sound samples].
Hu Jun and Kevin Stuart. 1992. The Guanting Tu (Monguor) Wedding Ceremonies and Songs. Anthropos 87:109 132.
Hu Jun and Kevin Stuart. 1992. Illness Among the Minhe Tu, Qinghai Province: Prevention and Etiology. Mongolian Studies 15:111 135.
Marina Illich. 2006. Selections from the Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Polymath: Chankya Rolpai Dorje (Lcang skya rol pa’i rdo rje), 1717-1786. Columbia University PhD dissertation.
Juha Janhunen, editor. 2003. The Mongolic Languages. London: Routledge.
Juha Janhunen. 2003. Shirongol and Shirongolic. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 8:83-89.
Juha Janhunen. 2006. On the Shirongolic Names of Amdo. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 11:95-103.
Juha Janhunen, Lionel Ha Mingzong and Joseph Tshe.dpag.rnam.rgyal. 2007. On the Language of the Shaowa Tuzu in the Context of the Ethnic Taxonomy of Amdo Qinghai. Central Asiatic Journal.
Hans-Rainer Kämpfe. 1974. Die soziale Rolle des 2. Pekinger Lcang skya qutuqtu Rol pa’i rdo rje (1717-1786): Beitrage zu einer Analyse anhand tibetischer und mongolischer Biographien. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität.
Li Keyu. 1987. Mongghul Qidar Merlong [Mongghul-Chinese Dictionary]. Xining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe [Qinghai People’s Press].
Li Xuewei and Kevin Stuart. 1990. Population and Culture of the Mongols, Tu, Baoan, Dongxiang, and Yugu in Gansu. Mongolian Studies 12:71 93.
Limusishiden and Kevin Stuart. 1994. ‘Caring for All the World’: The Huzhu Monguor (Tu) Pram (pp. 408-426) IN Edward H. Kaplan and Donald W. Whisenhunt, editors. Opuscula Altaica: Essays in Honor of Henry Schwarz. Bellingham: Western Washington University Press.
Limusishiden and Kevin Stuart. 1995. Larinbuda and Jiminsu: A Monguor Tragedy. Asian Theatre Journal 12:2, 221-263.
Limusishiden and Kevin Stuart. 1996. Review of Shilaode [Dominik Schröder] editor, translator, Li Keyu. Tuzu gesaer [Monguor Gesar]. Anthropos 91:297.
Limusishiden and Kevin Stuart, editors. 1998. Huzhu Mongghul Folklore: Texts and Translations. München: Lincon Europa.
Limusishiden and Kevin Stuart. 1999. Huzhu Mongghul Language Materials. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja—Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 88:261-264.
Limsishiden and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Huzhu Mongghul Texts: Chileb 1983 -1996 Selections. 2 vol. München: Lincom Europa.
Jonathan N. Lipman. 1981. The Border World of Gansu, 1895-1935. Stanford University PhD dissertation. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
Missions de Scheut. 1920. Geschiedenis van de Christenheid Si-ning: 77-82 ; 110-116.
Missions de Scheut. 1920. Lettres du P.Schram: 38-41.
Missions de Scheut. 1920. Notes sur la prefecture chinoise d Si-ning (Koukounor): 79-85 &112-119.
Missions de Scheut. 1921. De gelukkigste mens in Kansoe: 138.
Missions de Scheut. 1921. L’Immaculee et les paiens de Chine: 201-220.
Missions de Scheut. 1921. De zwarte ellende in Si-ning: 217-223.
Gabriella Molè (1970). The Tu-yü-hun from the Northern Wei to the Time of the Five Dynasties. Serie Orientale Roma 41. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estreme Oriente.
Antoine Mostaert. 1931. The Mongols of Kansu and their Language. Bulletin of the Catholic University of Peking 8:75-89.
Antoine Mostaert. 1963-1964. Over Pater Louis Schram CICM. Haec Olim 15:103-108.
Ngag dbang chos ldan (Shes rab dar rgyas) and Klaus Sagaster. 1967. Subud erike, “ein Rosenkranz aus Perlen”: die Biographie des 1. Pekinger lCang skya Khutukhtu, Ngag dbang blo bzang chos ldan. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Ngag dbang thub bstan dbang phyug and Hans-Rainer Kämpfe. 1976. Nyi ma’i ‘od zer/ Naran-u gerel: Die Biographie des 2. Pekingger lCang skya Qutugtu Rol pa’i rdo rje (1717-1786), Monumenta Tibetica Historica, Abteilung II: Vitae, Band 1. St. Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
Kalsang Norbu (Skal bzang nor bu), Zhu Yongzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. A Ritual Winter Exorcism in Gnyan Thog Village, Qinghai. Asian Folklore Studies 58:189-203.
Gerard A. Postiglione, editor. 1999. China’s National Minority Education: Ethnicity, Schooling and Development. New York: Garland Press.
G. N. Potanin. 1893. Tangutsko-tibetskaya okraïna Kitaya i Central’naya Mongoliya, vols. 1-2. St. Petersburg.
G. N. Potanin. 1950. Tangutsko-tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i tsentral’naya Mongoliya (The Tangut-Tibetan frontier of China and Central Mongolia). Moscow. State Publisher. (An abridged edition of the 1893 version.)
Qi Huimin, Limusishiden, and Kevin Stuart. 1997-1998. Huzhu Monguor Wedding Songs: Musical Characteristics. Parts I, II, III, IV. Chinese Music 20:1, 6-12, 14-17; 20:2, 32-37; 20:3, 43-52; 20:4, 68-71; 21:1, 10-13.
Qi Huimin, Zhu Yongzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. Minhe Mangghuer Wedding Songs: Musical Characteristics. Asian Folklore Studies 58:77-120.
Louis Schram. 1912. Kansou. Missions en Chine et au Congo 149.
Louis Schram. 1918. Catholic Missions. Ethnographic Notes 229-231.
Louis Schram. 1927. Christelijke Kunst in China. Bulletin Catholique de Peking 668-376.
Louis MJ Schram. 1932. Le mariage cez les T’ou-jen du Kan-sou [Marriage Among the Monguor of Gansu]. Variétés Sinologiques 58. [Available in an English translation (1962) by Jean H. Winchell in the Human Relations Area Files AE9].
Louis MJ Schram. 1954. The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization. Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 44:1.
Louis MJ Schram. 1954. The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Part II. Their Religious Life. Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 47:1.
Louis MJ Schram. 1955. Two letters to Marguerite Hebert. Hebert (Raphael & Family) Papers Mss. 4769, Subseries 8. Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, Special Collections, Hill Memorial Library, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University. [There are two letters in English (one three pages in length, the other four) from Schram to Marguerite Hebert, handwritten from Arlington, Virginia, in June and October of 1955. One letter includes three typescript pages of reviews of Schram’s work by Joseph O. Baylen and Nicolas Poppe, and the other letter attaches two typescript pages of Lawrence Krader’s commentary. The letters reveal information about the people whom Schram knew in the Brusly, Louisiana area, especially the second. Schram asks about several families in particular and expresses concern as well as happiness regarding what Marguerite Hebert reveals about them and herself. Schram does mention that for over a year he has not been able to receive any news concerning the people he left behind in China. See: http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/findaid/4769_inv.htm.]
Louis MJ Schram. 1961. The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Part III. Records of the Monguor Clans. Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 51:3.
Louis Schram (Li Meiling, translator; Robert Fried and Heather Fried, proofreaders). 2006. 蒙古尔部族的组织 meng gu er bu zu de zu zhi [Organization of the Monguor Clan]. 青海民族研究 qing hai min zu yan jiu [Nationalities Research in Qinghai]. 1:29-36.
Louis Schram (Li Meiling, translator; Robert Fried and Heather Fried, proofreaders). 2006. meng gu er bu zu de zu zhi 蒙古尔部族的组织 (xu yi) [Organization of the Monguor Clan (continuation of part 1)]. 青海民族研究 qing hai min zu yan jiu) [Nationalities Research in Qinghai]. 2:10-14.
Dominik Schröder. 1952/1953. Zur Religion der Tujen des Sininggebietes (Kukunor) [On the Religion of the Monguor of the Xining Region (Koknor)]. Anthropos 47:1-79, 620-658, 822-870; 48:202-249. [Available in an English translation (1962) by Richard Neuse IN Human Relations Area Files AE9.]
Dominik Schröder. 1959. Aus der Volksdicntung der Monguor [From the Popular Poetry of the Monguor]; 1. Teil: Das weibe Glücksschaf (Mythen, Märchen, Lieder) [Part 1. The White Lucky-Sheep (Myths, Fairytales, Songs)]. Asiatische Forschungen 6. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Dominik Schröder. 1964. Der dialekt der Monguor In B. Spuler, editor Mongolistik. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, 1. Abteilung, 5. Band, 2. Abschnitt). Leiden: EJ Brill.
Dominik Schröder. 1970. Aus der Volksdichtung der Monguor [From the Popular Poetry of the Monguor]; 2. Teil: In den Tagen der Urzeit (Ein Mythus vom Licht und vom Leben) [Part 2. In the Days of Primeval Times (A Myth of Light and Life)]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Keith Slater. nd. Evidentiality in Minhe Mangghuer: a Case of Contact-Induced Change. University of California-Santa Barbara, Department of Linguistics. Unpublished manuscript.
Keith Slater. Mangghuer In Janhunen 2003:307-324.
Keith W. Slater. 2003. Minhe Mangghuer: A Mongolic Language of China’s Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund. Curzon Asian Linguistic Series 2. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Albrecht de Smedt & Antoine Mostaert (1929-1931). Le dialecte monguor parlé par les Mongols du Kansou occidental, Ière partie: Phonétique. Anthropos 24: 145-166, 801-815; 25: 657-669, 961 973; 26: 253.
Albrecht De Smedt & Antoine Mostaert (1933). Le dialecte monguor parlé par les Mongols du Kansou occidental, IIIe partie: Dictionnaire monguor-français. Pei-p’ing: Imprimerie de l’Université Catholique.
Albrecht De Smedt & Antoine Mostaert (1945). Le dialecte monguor parlé par les Mongols du Kansou occidental, IIe partie: Grammaire. Monumenta Serica, Monograph 6. Peking.
Elliot Sperling. 1997. A Note on the Chi-kya Tribe and the Two Qi Clans in Amdo. Les habitants du Toit du monde, Recherches sur la Haute Asie, 12:111-124.
Kevin Stuart and Hu Jun. 1992. Death and Funerals Among the Minhe Tu (Monguor). Asian Folklore Studies 51:2, 67 87.
Kevin Stuart and Hu Jun. 1993. ‘That All May Prosper’: The Monguor Nadun of the Guanting / Sanchuan Region. Anthropos 88:15-27.
Kevin Stuart and Limusishiden, editors. 1994. China’s Monguor Minority: Ethnography and Folktales. Sino-Platonic Papers No 59.
Sun Zhu, editor. 1990. Menggu yuzu yuyan cidian [Mongol Language Family Dictionary]. Xining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe [Qinghai People’s Press].
Thu’u bkwan (III) Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma. 1989 [1794]. Lcang skya Rol pa’i rdo rje’i rnam thar. Lanzhou: Gansu’u mi rigs dpe skrun khang.
Buljash Khojchievna Todaeva. 1959. Über die Sprache der Tung-hsiang. Acta Orientalia Hungarica 9: 273-310.
Buljash Khojchievna Todaeva. 1961. Dunsyanskii yazyk. Moskva: Institut narodov Aziï AN SSSR.
Buljash Khojchievna Todaeva. 1963. Einige Besonderheiten der Paoan-Sprache. Acta Orientalia Hungarica 16: 175-197.
Buljash Khojchievna Todaeva. 1966. Baoan’skii yazyk. Moskva: Institut narodov Aziï AN SSSR.
Buljash Khojchievna Todaeva. 1973. Mongorskii yazyk: Issledovanie, teksty, slovar [The Monguor Language: Analysis, Texts, and Glossary]. Moskva: Institut vostokovedeniya AN SSSR.
Üjiyediin Chuluu (Wu Chaolu). 1994. Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Monguor. Sino-Platonic Papers No 57.
Wang Xianzheng and Kevin Stuart. 1995. ‘Blue Skies and Emoluments’: Minhe Monguor Men Sing I and II. Chinese Music 18(1):13-18; 18:(2):28-33.
Wang Xianzheng, Zhu Yongzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1995. ‘The Brightness of the World’: Minhe Monguor Women Sing. Mongolian Studies 18:65-83.
Wang Xianzhen, writer; Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Mangghuerla Bihuang Keli [Mangghuer Folktale Reader]. Chengdu, China-Chengdu Audio Press.
www. 4corners.org [A site committed to making the Gospel of Jesus Christ available to the Tu (Monguor) people of northwest China in their own language—in this generation.]
www.cybercities.com/t/westernyugur/new.htm [Several Monguor folktales.]
www.tu.advocate.net [A site committed to converting Monguor to Christianity.]
Xinhua. 8 May 2004. http://202.84.17.11/english/china_abc/minzu.htm.
Zhaonasitu, editor. Tuzu yu jianchi [A Brief Account of the Monguor Language]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe [Nationalities Press].
Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. Minhe Monguor Nadun Texts. CHIME 9:Autumn, 89-105.
Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. A Minhe Monguor Drinking Song. Central Asiatic Journal 40(2):283-289.
Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1997. Minhe Monguor Children’s Games. Orientalia Suecana XLV-XLVI:179-216.
Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart. Education Among the Minhe Monguor IN Postiglione (1999).
Zhu Yongzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1999. ‘Two Bodhisattvas From the East’: Minhe Monguor Funeral Orations. Journal of Contemporary China 8(20):179-188.
Zhu Yongzhong, Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), Keith Slater, and Kevin Stuart. 1997. Gangou Chinese Dialect: A Comparative Study of a Strongly Altaicized Chinese Dialect and Its Mongolic Neighbor. Anthropos 92:433-450.
Zhu Yongzhong, Üjiyediin Chuluu (Chaolu Wu), and Kevin Stuart. 1995. The Frog Boy: An Example of Minhe Monguor. Orientalia Suecana XLII-XLIV:197-207.
Zhu Yongzhong, Üjiyediin Chuluu, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. NI in Minhe Mangghuer and Other Mongol Languages. Archív Orientální 67 (3):323-338.