Moldova

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Republica Moldova Republic of Moldova
Flag Coat of arms
Motto none
Anthem Limba noastră  (Romanian) "Our Language"
Location of  Moldova  (orange) on the European continent  (white)
Capital (and largest city)		Chişinău 47°0′N, 28°55′E
Official languages		Moldovan1 (Romanian)
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	Vladimir Voronin
-	Prime Minister	Vasile Tarlev
Independence		from the Soviet Union
-	Date	August 27, 1991
-	Finalised	December 25, 1991
Area
-	Total	33,843 km² (139th) 13,067 sq mi
-	Water (%)	1.4
Population
-	Jan 2006 estimate	3,395,6002 (121st3)
-	2004 census	3,383,3322
-	Density	111 /km² (81st) 339 /sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2005 estimate
-	Total	$9,367 billion (141st)
-	Per capita	$2,374 (135th)
Gini? (2003)		33.2 (medium)
HDI (2006)		0.694 (medium) (114th)
Currency		Moldovan leu (MDL)
Time zone		EET (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		.md
Calling code		+373
1 Moldovan is commonly considered another name for Romanian (Gagauz and Russian are also official in the Gagauz Autonomous Region). 22004 census and 2006 estimate from National Bureau of Statistics. Figures do not include Transnistria and Tighina. 3Ranking based on 2005 UN figure including Transnistria.

The Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova) is a landlocked country in eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. Historically part of the Principality of Moldavia, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812 and reunited with other Romanian lands in Romania in 1918. After changing hands during World War II and being annexed by the Soviet Union, it was known as the Moldavian SSR between 1945 and 1991, and finally declared its independence on 27 August 1991.

Moldova is a parliamentary democracy with a President as its head of state and a Prime Minister as its head of government. The country is a member state of the United Nations, WMO, UNICEF, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Moldova

Moldova's territory was inhabited in ancient times by Dacians. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, Moldova has suffered from several invasions, including those of the Kievan Rus' and the Mongols. During the Middle Ages the territory of Republic of Moldova (including most of present-day Moldova but also including districts to the north and south, known as Northern Bukovina and Budjak) formed the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia (which, like the present-day republic, was known in Romanian as "Moldova"). The principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. According to the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, the territory passed to Russia together with Budjak (Southern Bessarabia). At first, the Russians used the name "Guberniya of Moldova and Bessarabia", but later called it simply Bessarabia. The western part of Moldavia remained an autonomous principality and united with Wallachia to form the Old Kingdom of Romania in 1859. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bessarabia proclaimed independence from Russia in 1918, and united with the Kingdom of Romania the same year. Transnistria, did not join Romania and formed the Moldavian ASSR, (1924-1940).

In accordance with the June 1940 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact with Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union forced Romania to evacuate its administration from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and immediately annexed these territories. Although Soviet troops were forced out in 1941 by the invasion of Axis forces, the Soviet Union re-occupied and annexed the area in August 1944. Soviet rule brought a harsh de-nationalization policy. The southern and northern parts (which had significant Slavic and Turkic minorities) were transferred to Ukraine. At the same time, Transnistria (where, at that time, ethnic Romanians were the largest ethnic group) was joined with the remaining territory to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, identical in territory to present-day Moldova. A large number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrated into the new republic, especially into urbanized areas, while large numbers of ethnic Romanians were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan during the early history of Soviet rule. The Soviet Union occupied the region of Bessarabia during World War II and the Soviet government began a campaign to promote a Moldovan ethnic identity, different from that of the Romanians, based on a theory developed during the existence of the Moldovan SSR. The Soviet official policy also stated that Romanian and Moldovan were two different languages and Moldovan was written in Cyrillic alphabet, as opposed to Romanian, which was written in Latin alphabet — although both languages had used the Cyrillic alphabet before 1860. (As do many languages, Moldovan incorporates slight changes to the Russian alphabet — which is commonly thought of as "the Cyrillic alphabet" — most notably, the use of the letter zhe with a breve (Ӂ - ӂ) to indicate the sound /dʒ/.) In 1970s and 1980s Moldova received substantial investment from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial and scientific facilities, as well as housing. In 1971, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of Kishinev city" that secured more than one billion rubles of investment from the USSR budget. Subsequent decisions directed enormous wealth and brought highly qualified specialists from all over the USSR to develop Moldova. These investments stopped in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Moldova became independent.

Along with the other peripheral Soviet republics, Moldova started to move towards independence from 1989 onwards; in August 1989 a language law was passed, adopting the Latin alphabet for Moldovan and declaring it the state language of the MSSR ^[1]. In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence and in December of that year became a member of the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States along with most of the former Soviet republics. At the end of that year, an ex-communist reformer, Mircea Snegur, won an election for the presidency. Four months later, the country achieved formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. The part of Moldova east of the Dniestr River, Transnistria, which included a larger proportion of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians— claimed independence in 1990, fearing the rise of nationalism in Moldova and the country's expected unification with Romania. This caused a brief military conflict between Moldova and Transnistria in 1992. Russian and Ukrainian forces intervened on the Transnistrian side, and Russian troops of the 14th Army remain there to this day. Negotiations between the Transnistrian and Moldovan leaders have been going on under the mediation of European Union, OSCE, USA, Russia and Ukraine. Despite expectations of the Popular Front, Moldova did not unite with Romania in 1991. In the early 1990s, the future of Moldova was a source of tension in Romania's relations with Russia. A March 1994 referendum saw an overwhelming majority of voters favoring continued independence. In the 2001 elections, the Communist Party of Moldova won the majority of seats in the Parliament and appointed Vladimir Voronin president. After few years in power, relationships between Moldova and Russia deteriorated over the Transnistrian conflict. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a 180 degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform, with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as a president.

[edit] Government

Main article: Politics of Moldova

Meeting of Presidents from GUAM countries; Voronin, Aliev, Yushchenko and Saakashvili.

[edit] Political system

The unicameral Moldovan parliament, or Parlament, has 101 seats, and its members are elected by popular vote every 4 years. The parliament then elects a president, who functions as the head of state. The president appoints a prime minister as head of government who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval.

[edit] 2005 Parliamentary Elections

• Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (45.98% votes, 56 mandates)
• Electoral Bloc “Moldova Democrată” (BMD) (28.53% votes, 34 mandates)
• Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (9.07% votes, 11 mandates)

[edit] 2001 Parliamentary Elections

• Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) (50.07% votes, 71 mandates)
• Electoral Bloc "Braghiş Alliance" (BEAB) (13.36% votes, 19 mandates)
• Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) (8.24% votes, 11 mandates)

[edit] Relations with Romania/Identity Politics

In the address to the Romanian parliament in February 1991, Mircea Snegur, the Moldovan president spoke about a common identity of the Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the "Romanians of both sides of the Prut River" and "Sacred Romanian lands occupied by the Soviets".

In 1989, Romanian became the official language of Moldova. Following independence in 1991, the Romanian tricolor with a coat-of-arms was used as the flag, and Deşteaptă-te române!, the Romanian national anthem, also became the anthem of Moldova. In those times, there was an expectation among certain groups in both countries that they were to be united soon, and a Movement for unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova began in both countries in the early 1990s.

However, the initial enthusiasm in Moldova was tempered and, starting in 1993, Moldova started to distance itself from Romania. The constitution adopted in 1994 used the term "Moldovan language" instead of "Romanian" and changed the national anthem to Limba noastră. The 1996 attempt by Moldovan president Mircea Snegur to change the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".

[edit] Foreign Relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Moldova

The government has stated that Moldova has European aspirations but there has been little progress toward EU membership. On May 1, 2004 many EU enthusiasts waving the EU flags found their flags confiscated by police and some were arrested under the clause of "anti-nationalism." During her first bilateral visit to Moldova, European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner opened the new Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova on 6 October, to be headed by Cesare De Montis. A Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with EU is the legal basis for EU relations with Moldova. The PCA came into force in July 1998 for an initial period of ten years. It establishes the institutional framework for bilateral relations, sets the principal common objectives, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of policy areas. Moldova welcomed EU enlargement and signed on 30 April 2004 the protocol extending the PCA to the new EU member states. With the joint adoption of the EU-Moldova Action Plan on February 22, 2005, the EU and Moldova have further reinforced their bilateral relationship, providing a new tool to help implement the PCA and bring Moldova closer to the EU. The TACIS programme is used as the framework for technical assistance to support agreed objectives.

[edit] Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Moldova

Administrative division

Moldova is divided into 32 districts (raion, pl. raioane), 5 municipalities (Bălţi, Chişinău, Comrat, Tighina, Tiraspol), two semi-autonomous regions (Găgăuzia and the breakaway region of Transnistria, whose status is still disputed). The districts are:

Transnistria is a de jure part of Moldova, as its independence is not recognized by any country, although de facto it is not controlled by the Moldovan government.

General map of Moldova

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of Moldova

The largest part of the country lies between two rivers, the Dniester and the Prut. Moldova's rich soil and temperate continental climate (with warm summers and mild winters) have made the country one of the most productive agricultural regions and a major supplier of agricultural products in the region.

The western border of Moldova is formed by the Prut river, which joins the Danube before flowing into the Black Sea. In the north-east, the Dniester is the main river, flowing through the country from north to south.

The country is landlocked, even though it is very close to the Black Sea. While the northern part of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430 metres (1,411 ft)—the highest point being the Dealul Bălăneşti. The country's main cities are the capital Chişinău, in the centre of the country, Tiraspol (in Transnistria), Bălţi and Tighina.

See also: List of cities in Moldova and List of localities in Moldova

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Moldova

Moldovan leu.

Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, Moldovan wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. Recent trends indicate that the Communist government intends to reverse some of these policies, and recollectivise land while placing more restrictions on private business. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further liberalization is in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors.

Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. These efforts have helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult external circumstances, enabled the resumption of economic growth and contributed to establishing an environment conducive to the economy’s further growth and development in the medium term. Despite these efforts, and despite the recent resumption of economic growth, Moldova still ranks low in terms of commonly-used living standards and human development indicators in comparison with other transition economies. Although the economy experienced a constant economic growth after 2000: with 2.1%, 6.1%, 7,8% and 6,3% between 2000 and 2003 (with a forecast of 8% in 2004), one can observe that these latest developments hardly reach the level of 1994, with almost 40% of the GDP registered in 1990. Thus, during the last decade little has been done to reduce the country’s vulnerability. After a severe economic decline, social and economic challenges, energy uprooted dependencies, Moldova continues to occupy one of the last places among the European countries according to the income per capita. In 2002 (Human Development Report 2004), in Moldova the registered GDP per capita was US $381 equivalent to US $ 1,470 PPP, which is 5.3 times lower that the world average (US $ 7,804). Moreover, GDP per capita is under the average of all regions in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (US $ 1,790 PPP). In 2004, about 40% of population were under the absolute poverty line and registered an income lower than US $ 2.15 (PPP) per day. Moldova is classified as medium human development and is placed on the 113 spot in the list of 177 countries. The value of the Human Development Index (0.681) is below the world average. Moldova remains the poorest country in Europe in terms of GDP per capita: $ 2,500 in 2006.

[edit] Information technology and telecommunications

In 2004, the investments volume on the telecommunications and information market in Moldova increased by 30.1% in comparison with 2003, achieving 825.3 million lei (65.5 million US dollars). The representatives of the National Agency for Telecommunications and Information Regulation communicated that 451 million lei (35.9 million dollars) were invested in the field of fixed telephone communication. Investments constituted 330 million lei (26.2 million dollars) in the field of mobile telephony, 24.2 million lei (1.9 million dollars) in the field of Internet services, 19.1 million lei (1.5 million dollars) in the field of cable television services. An essential increase of 163 million lei (12.9 million dollars) has been achieved in the field of mobile telephony. In comparison with 2003, investments in this sector practically doubled. An insignificant increase was registered in the other market segments, but the investment volume remained the same in the field of fixed telephone communication. In 2005 the volume of investments in telecommunication and information technology exceeded the level of the previous year, primarily due to the investments of the national operator of the stationary telephone communications of the Joint-Stock Company Moldtelecom for the implementation of the technology CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), by the investments of the operators of mobile telephony Voxtel and Moldcell in the development of infrastructure, also by means aimed at the extension and improvement of access services to Internet by new broadband technologies.

[edit] Human rights

Critics accuse the government of Moldova of having a poor human rights record, accusing it of interference with political freedom and of arbitrary arrest and torture.

The United States Senate has held committee hearings on irregularities that marred elections in Moldova, including the arrest and harassment of opposition candidates, intimidation and suppression of independent media, and state run media bias in favor of candidates backed by the Moldovan Government.^[2]

State media coverage of the street protests in 2002 regarding the Communists’ attempt to reinstate obligatory study of the Russian language and to defend the cultural identity that the majority of Moldovans share with neighboring Romania was censored. In February 2002, in response to severe censorship of the state broadcaster Teleradio-Moldova (TVM), hundreds of TVM journalists went on strike in solidarity with the anti-communist opposition. In retribution, a few journalists and staff members were dismissed or suspended from the station in March^[3].

However, in 2004 an improvement was made and the Moldovan Parliament removed Article 170 from the country's Criminal Code. Article 170 called for up to five years imprisonment for defamation.^[4]

According to the OSCE, the media climate in Moldova is restrictive.^[5] Authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and movements. In a case widely criticized by human rights defenders, opposition politician Valeriu Pasat was sentenced to a 10 year prison term. The United States and human rights defenders from the European Union consider him a political prisoner, and an official statement from Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the judgment "striking in its cruelty".

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Moldova

[edit] Ethnic composition

Ethnic composition in 1989.

Given that the definition of ethnic groups is the subject of an ongoing dispute, the following data must be treated with caution. The main controversy, concerns the identity between Moldovans and Romanians, as well as between the corresponding Moldovan and Romanian languages (see Moldovan language). The distinction between Moldovans and Romanians has been a greatly disputed political issue with one side arguing that Moldovans constitute an ethnic group separate from the Romanian ethnos, whereas others claim that Moldovans in both Romania and Moldova are simply a subgroup of the Romanian ethnos, similar to Transylvanians, Oltenians, and other groups (see Moldovans).

The last reference data is that of the 2004 Moldovan Census^[6] and 2004 Census in Transnistria:

Note: Transnistrian authorities published only the percentage of ethnic groups; the number of people was calculated from those percentages. The number or percentage of Romanians in Transnistria was not published; it is included in "others".

According to the Moldova Azi news agency, ^[7] a group of international census experts described the 2004 Moldovan census as "generally conducted in a professional manner", while remarking that that "a few topics… were potentially more problematic", in particular,

1. The census includes at least some Moldovans who had been living abroad over one year at the time of the census.
2. The precision of numbers about nationality/ethnicity and language was questioned. Some enumerators apparently encouraged respondents to declare that they were "Moldovan" rather than "Romanian", and even within a single family there may have been confusion about these terms. Also it is unclear how many respondents consider the term "Moldovan" to signify an ethnic identity other than "Romanian".

[edit] Largest cities ^[8][9]

[edit] Religions

According to the 2004 census, the population of Moldova has the following religious composition:

• Eastern Orthodox Christians 3,158,015 or 95.5%
• Roman Catholics 4,645 or 0.14%
• Old-Rite Christians (traditionally Orthodox Lippovans) 5,094 or 0.15%
• Traditional Protestant 0.19%
  • Confessional Evangelicals 1,429 or 0.04%
  • Refomed 1,190 or 0.035%
  • Evangelical Synod-Presbyterians 3,596 or 0.11%
• Newer Protestant faiths 1.83%
  • Baptists 32,754 or 0.99%
  • Seven-day Adventists 13,503 or 0.41%
  • Pentecostal 9,179 or 0.28%
  • Brethren Assemblies (locally Creştini după Evanghelie) 5,075 or 0.15%
• Muslims 1,667 or 0.05%
• Other religions 25,527 or 0.77%
• Atheists 12,724 or 0.38%
• Agnostics 33,207 or 1%

Orthodox Christians were not required in the census to declare the particular church they belong to. Moldovan Orthodox Church, subordinated to the Russian Orthodox Church, and Orthodox Church of Bessarabia, autonomous and subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox Church, both claim to be the national church of the country.

In the past, the country has also had a substantial Jewish community, estimated at 1.5% as late as 2000.

Percentanges are calculated from the number of people declaring a religion. 75,727, or 2,29% of population did not declare its religion.

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Moldova

Mihai Eminescu, national poet of Romania and Moldova

Located geographically at the crossroads of Latin and Slavic cultures, Moldova has enriched its own culture adopting and maintaining some of the traditions of its neighbors.

The Prince Dimitrie Cantemir is one of the most important figures of Moldavian culture of the 18th century. Cantemir wrote the first geographical, ethnographical and economic description of the country in Descriptio Moldaviae (Berlin, 1714).

Mihai Eminescu was a late romantic poet, probably the best-known and most influential Romanian language poet.

[edit] Language

Main articles: Moldovan language and Romanian language

The state language according to Title I, Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution is Moldovan; this is by all accounts a form of Daco-Romanian and is essentially the same as Romanian. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River, which divides Moldova from Romania. In formal use, the languages are identical except for minor orthographical issues (the Moldovans write î in some contexts where Romanians would use â; this same form used to be normal in Romania). There is, however, some regional variation, as might be found within any linguistic territory, and the common speech of areas such as Chişinău or Transnistria can be distinguished from the speech of Iaşi, a Romanian city that is also part of the former Principality of Moldavia. In general, the larger the Slavic-speaking population of a region is, the greater the difference from standard Romanian.

Opinions vary on the status of Moldovan as a language. Most linguists consider standard Moldovan to be identical to standard Romanian, an Eastern Romance language, although one Moldovan linguist^[10] disputes this. There are, however, more differences between the colloquial spoken languages of Moldova and Romania, most significantly due to the influence of Russian in Moldova which was not present in Romania. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language is a contested political issue within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. The 1989 law on language of the Moldavian SSR, which is still effective in Moldova according to the Constitution ^[11], asserts the existence of "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity". ^[1] A significant minority speaks native Russian, and there are more Slavicisms in common speech in Moldova than in common speech in Romania. Nonetheless, Moldovans are generally aware when they are using a word of Slavic origin not found in common Romanian, and are capable of choosing whether or not to use these words in a particular context.

In some cases Russian is used alongside Moldovan (Romanian) within state institutions, despite not having legal status. As of 2006, 5 members of Moldovan government were not able to speak Moldovan, the main language used in government meetings being Russian^[12]. In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian.

See also: List of Moldovans, Music of Moldova, and Religion in Moldova

[edit] See also

Moldova Portal

• Principality of Moldavia
• Moldova, an adjacent Romanian region of the same name.
• Coat of Arms of Moldova
• Foreign relations of Moldova
• Military of Moldova
• Internal security in Moldova
• Crime in Moldova
• Communications in Moldova
• Transportation in Moldova
• Education in Moldova
• Health services in Moldova
• Exports of Moldova
• Imports of Moldova
• Agriculture of Moldova
• Moldovan wine

[edit] Gallery

Monument to Stephen the Great of Moldova

Triumphal Arch, Chişinău

Moldavian Orthodox church

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

Find more information on Moldova by searching Wikipedia's sister projects
	Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

• Official governmental site
• Official web site of the Parliament
• The EU's relations with Moldova (European Commission site)
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Embassy of the Republic of Moldova in the United States of America
• Embassy of the United States of America in the Republic of Moldova
• Elections in Moldova
• U.S. Department of State 2005 report about Human Rights in Moldova

[edit] Profiles

• U.S. Department of State Post Reports - Moldova
• CIA - The World Factbook - Moldova
• ECMI - Information about Minority Issues in Moldova

[edit] News portals

Wikinews has news related to:

Moldova news portal

• Moldova Azi: News from Moldova
• BASA-press News Agency
• Interlic News Agency
• Moldova.org
• UNGHIUL - Local e-News Publication (Romanian)

[edit] Others

• MOLDOVA 2006 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT
• Moldova: Young Women From Rural Areas Vulnerable To Human Trafficking

[edit] International rankings

• Bertelsmann: Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2006, ranked 75th out of 119 countries
• Reporters without borders: Annual worldwide press freedom index (2005), ranked 74th out of 167 countries
• The Wall Street Journal: 2005 Index of Economic Freedom, ranked 77th out of 155 countries
• The Economist: The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005, ranked 99th out of 111 countries
• Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index 2005, ranked 88th out of 158 countries
• United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index 2005, ranked 116th out of 177 countries
• World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking, ranked 82nd out of 117 countries
• World Bank: Doing Business 2006, ranked 83rd out of 155
• World Bank: Ease of Starting a Business 2006, ranked 69th out of 155
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Foreign Direct Investment Performance Index 2004, ranked 35th out of 140

Subdivisions of Moldova

Raions: Anenii Noi | Basarabeasca | Briceni | Cahul | Cantemir | Călăraşi | Căuşeni | Cimişlia | Criuleni | Donduşeni | Drochia | Dubăsari | Edineţ | Faleşti | Floreşti | Glodeni | Hînceşti | Ialoveni | Leova | Nisporeni | Ocniţa | Orhei | Rezina | Rîşcani | Sîngerei | Soroca | Străşeni | Şoldăneşti | Ştefan Vodă | Taraclia | Teleneşti | Ungheni Municipalities: Chişinău | Bălţi | Bender | Comrat | Tiraspol Autonomous regions: Găgăuzia | Stînga Nistrului (disputed)

Geographic locale

v • d • e  Countries of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia2 · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus2 · Czech Republic · Denmark3 · Estonia · Finland · France3 · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan1 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands3 · Norway3 · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain3 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom3 · Vatican City 1 Has majority of its territory in Asia.  2 Entirely in Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. v • d • e Members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Georgia · Kazakhstan · Kyrgyzstan · Moldova · Russia · Tajikistan · Ukraine · Uzbekistan Associate member: Turkmenistan

International organizations

v • d • e Members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo1 Republic of Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Serbia 1 A province of Serbia; currently a UN-administered territory. v • d • e Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)  Albania  Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bulgaria  Georgia  Greece  Moldova  Romania  Russia  Serbia  Turkey  Ukraine v • d • e  Members of the Council of Europe Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Republic of Macedonia1 · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom 1 Otherwise known as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) v • d • e World Trade Organization (WTO) Albania • Angola • Antigua and Barbuda • Argentina • Armenia • Australia • Bahrain, Kingdom of • Bangladesh • Barbados • Belize • Benin • Bolivia • Botswana • Brazil • Brunei Darussalam • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cambodia • Cameroon • Canada • Central African Republic • Chad • Chile • China • Colombia • Congo • Costa Rica • Cote d'Ivoire • Croatia • Cuba • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Djibouti • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Ecuador • Egypt • El Salvador • European Communities1 • Fiji • Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) • Gabon • The Gambia • Georgia • Ghana • Grenada • Guatemala • Guinea • Guinea Bissau • Guyana • Haiti • Honduras • Hong Kong, China • Iceland • India • Indonesia • Israel • Jamaica • Japan • Jordan • Kenya • Korea, Republic of • Kuwait • Kyrgyz Republic • Lesotho • Liechtenstein • Macao, China • Madagascar • Malawi • Malaysia • Maldives • Mali • Mauritania • Mauritius • Mexico • Moldova • Mongolia • Morocco • Mozambique • Myanmar • Namibia • Nepal • New Zealand • Nicaragua • Niger • Nigeria • Norway • Oman • Pakistan • Panama • Papua New Guinea • Paraguay • Peru • Philippines • Qatar • Rwanda • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Vincent & the Grenadines • Saudi Arabia • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Singapore • Solomon Islands • South Africa • Sri Lanka • Suriname • Swaziland • Switzerland • Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu • Tanzania • Thailand • Togo • Trinidad and Tobago • Tunisia • Turkey • Uganda • United Arab Emirates • United States of America • Uruguay • Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) • Vietnam • Zambia • Zimbabwe 1 All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands (— For the Kingdom in Europe and for the Netherlands Antilles) • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom v • d • e Latin Union Andorra • Angola • Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Cape Verde • Chile • Côte d'Ivoire • Costa Rica • Cuba • Dominican Republic • Ecuador • El Salvador • France • Guatemala • Guinea-Bissau • Holy See • Honduras • Italy • Mexico • Moldova • Monaco • Mozambique • Nicaragua • Panama • Paraguay • Peru • Philippines • Portugal • Romania • San Marino • São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Sovereign Military Order of Malta • Spain • Uruguay • Venezuela v • d • e Countries of the GUAM Current members:  Azerbaijan •  Georgia •  Moldova •  Ukraine Former members:  Uzbekistan Observers:  Turkey

v • d • e

Romance-speaking nations of Europe

Andorra · Belgium · France · Italy · Monaco · Moldova · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · Spain · Switzerland · Vatican City