Missak Manouchian
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Missak Manouchian (Armenian: Միսաք Մանուշյան; September 1, 1906 – February 21, 1944) was an Armenian-French communist militant in the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI) and the Resistance movement against the Nazi occupation of France.
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[edit] Early years
Manouchian was born in Adiyaman, in Ottoman-ruled Armenia. His father was killed in the Armenian Genocide and his mother, already ill, died soon after. He and his brother were received by an orphanage in French Syria at the end of World War I. In 1925, they left for France, settling in Marseille and then Paris, where Missak Manouchian worked at the Citroën plant. Together with several conationals, Manouchian started a literary magazine dedicated to left-wing ideals and the preservation of Armenian culture in France. After training in woodworking, Manouchian joined the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT). His association with the French Communist Party meant that his political activities clandestine in 1939, when the Party was outlawed following its refusal to condemn the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
[edit] In the war
As a foreigner, Manouchian was evacuated from Paris during the Phony War, working in the Rouen area. After the start of the Nazi occupation in June 1940, he returned and resumed his militancy. He was arrested as result of a raid in June 1941 and detained at Compiègne for a number of weeks. No charges were brought against him.
Initially active in the Armenian section of the armed group Main-d'œuvre immigrée ("Immigrated Workers"; MOI), he became a notable figure in the new group, the FTP-MOI (created and headed by the Bessarabian Jew Boris Holban in 1942). He was, however, quite careless during his first missions, and was not allowed to contribute for a while.
In 1943, he was assigned duties, and soon replaced the insubordinate Holban as military commissioner for the FTP-MOI (while Joseph Epstein was assigned control of the Paris region). The groups under Manouchian carried out almost thirty successful attacks on German occupiers from August to November.
The group was subject to surveillance work of the authorities, and most members had been captured during mid-November: 68 arrests, including those of Epstein and Manouchian - he was captured in Évry, and was for days subject to torture. The infamous piece of Nazi propaganda entitled l'Affiche Rouge ("The Red Poster"), printed in 15,000 copies, depicted him as:
- Manouchian, Arménien, chef de bande, 56 attentats, 150 morts, 600 blessés ("Manouchian, Armenian, gang leader, 56 strikes, 150 killed, 600 wounded").
Of the arrested, twenty-two men were shot on the same day in 1944 in Fort Mont-Valérien. A woman, Olga Bancic, was decapitated in Stuttgart on May 10.
[edit] Legacy
Louis Aragon elevated Manouchian and the other fighters in the French public's consciousness through the poem L'affiche rouge, later a song by Léo Ferré.
In 1985, his widow, Mélinée Manouchian, who had managed to elude Nazi capture, launched a public debate by stating that comrades of the victims had done nothing to prevent their capture and execution.
