Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales
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The Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales is the first of the two settings of the Ordinary of the Mass, by Josquin des Prez, which use the famous L'homme armé tune as their cantus firmus source material. It was the most famous mass Josquin composed, surviving in numerous manuscripts and print editions.[1] The earliest printed collection of music devoted to a single composer, the Misse Josquin published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1502, begins with this famous work, which is for four voices.
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[edit] Background
Dating of the mass has been controversial, with some scholars proposing a mid-career date, for example during Josquin's Roman period (c. 1489 to 1495), and other scholars, such as Gustave Reese, arguing for an earlier date, claiming that the contrapuntal complexity the mass shows is more typical of Josquin's early style, and that he simplified his method as he aged.[2] The earliest source containing the mass is the Vatican manuscript CS 197 (c. 1492–1495)[3] In his 1547 Dodekachordon, Heinrich Glarean wrote that Josquin "composed the two L'homme armé masses to show off his skill."[4]
[edit] Music
While usually classified as a cantus firmus mass, the use of snatches of the tune in other voices foreshadows the paraphrase technique which Josquin was to use extensively later in works such as the Missa Pange lingua, and which was to become one of the standard methods of writing cyclic masses in the 16th century.
Like most settings of the mass, it is in five parts:
Showing off his contrapuntal virtuosity seems to be Josquin's aim,[5] and the mass is full of mensuration canons, second only to Ockeghem's Missa Prolationum, which contains nothing but mensuration canons. In a mensuration canon, each voice sings the same notes, but in a different "mensuration" – i.e. a different speed. The opening Kyrie of Josquin's mass contains consecutive mensuration canons based on each phrase of the L'homme armé tune, with the tenor leading each and the other voices entering in turn.[6] The second part of the three of the closing Agnus Dei is yet another notorious mensuration canon (see example); this particular canon was famous in the sixteenth century, and often mentioned in theoretical treatises.[7]
The last of the three sections of the Agnus Dei, the section that closes the mass, is the longest, and is accompanied by a direction in the score: "Clama ne cesses" ("cry without ceasing", from Isaiah 58:1), which in this context means to sing the tune without any of the rests. The cantus firmus is pitched on A, the highest note of the hexachord, and is in double augmentation. The length, and the sustained notes of the cantus firmus, refer both to the "cry for mercy" aspect of the Agnus Dei text, which cries to the Lamb of God to take away the sins of the world, and to the trumpet motif and text "On a fait partout crier" from the original L'homme armé tune, calling the listeners to arms.[8]
In addition to the canonic complexities, Josquin varies the mass tonally by beginning the L'homme armé tune on a successively higher note in each section, one for each of the six notes in the natural hexachord (thus the title, "voces musicales", or solmization syllables, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la). The overall tonality is Dorian, and all of the movements end on D.[9]
[edit] References
- Jeremy Noble: "Josquin des Prez", 12, Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 25, 2007), (subscription access)
- Bonnie Blackburn, "Masses on Popular Songs and on Syllables", in Robert Scherr, ed., The Josquin Companion. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-816335-5
- Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 089917034X
- Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
- Gustave Reese (biography) and Jeremy Noble (works), "Josquin Desprez," Harold Mayer Brown, "Mass", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
[edit] Notes
- ^ Blackburn, in Scherr, p. 53
- ^ Reese, p. 237
- ^ Blackburn, p. 65
- ^ Blackburn, p. 65: the Latin original, on p. 441 of the Dodekachordon (Basle, 1547), reads "Ad ostentationem autem artis haud dubie duas illas Missas instituit L'homme arme."
- ^ Blackburn, p. 59
- ^ Noble, Grove
- ^ Blackburn, p. 56
- ^ Blackburn, p. 59
- ^ Blackburn, p. 59
