Mine flail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A mine flail is a vehicle-mounted device that makes a safe path through a mine-field by deliberately detonating mines in front of the vehicle that carries it. They were first used by the British during World War II.
The mine flail consists of a horizontal, rapidly-rotating rotor mounted in front of the vehicle on two arms. Fist-sized steel balls are attached to the shaft by chains (flails). The rotor's rotation causes the flails to spin wildly and to continuously and violently strike the ground. The strikes mimic a person or vehicle passing over the mines and cause them to detonate, but in a safe manner that does little damage to the flails or the vehicle.
Contents |
[edit] World War 2 use
The idea is commonly attributed to a South African soldier - Major A. S. du Toit (then a sergeant in the Artillery). A test rig was constructed in South Africa and results were so encouraging that du Toit was promoted and sent to England to develop the idea.[1]
Before du Toit left for England, he described his idea to Captain Norman Berry, a South African Mechanical Engineer. Captain Berry served in the British Eighth Army during the Western Desert Campaign and on his own initiative, carried out his own experiments with mine flails in the spring of 1942. Later, a Major L. A. Girling, was given the task of developing a similar device after it had been independently re-invented by another South African officer. When Captain Berry heard of this, he handed over his previous work to Girling (Girling had had no idea he was duplicating du Toit's ongoing work in England as that was still highly secret).
Development continued over the summer of 1942 and resulted in the Matilda Scorpion (the name came from a senior officer's remark on the tank's appearance). This was a Matilda tank fitted with a rotor, mounted on two arms, roughly 6 feet (1.8 m) in front of the tank. The rotor carried 24 flails and was driven at 100 rpm by a 105 horsepower (78 kW) Ford V8 engine. This second engine was fitted in an armoured box mounted on the right side of the tank, the outside box included space for a crewman who operated the device.
Twenty-five Matilda Scorpions, manned 42 and 44 Royal Tank Regiment of 1st Army Tank Brigade, were available by October 1942 and took part in the Second Battle of El Alamein. Although the mine sweeping process was slow, the Scorpions raised such a huge dust cloud when used in the desert that they obscured themselves from German gunners. The cloud also blinded the drivers and the crews had to resort to wearing their gas masks in order to breathe.
During the battle, the Scorpions were less successful than hoped.[2] While reasonably effective at mine clearing, the hastily developed flail system tended to be unreliable and broke down frequently. Also, there were frequent engine failures as the air filters were overwhelmed by the volume of dust. Much of the mine clearing that was critical to the Commonwealth victory still had to be carried out by hand.
Meanwhile in Britain, du Toit had developed in parallel the Matilda Baron. The Baron never saw combat, but it provided experience that led to the successful Sherman Crab - an M4A4 model of the M4 Sherman tank fitted with a mine flail. Unlike the Scorpion, the Crab's flail was powered by the main engine which removed a major problem of the Scorpion - the outside auxiliary engine with its vulnerable operator.
The Crab's rotor carried 43 flails and rotated at 142 rpm. An innovation was the addition of circular cutters at the ends of the rotor that cut barbed wire and stopped the flail from becoming tangled. This feature made the Crab very effective at tearing up barbed wire obstacles. The flail arms could be raised and lowered hydraulically and the Mark II version of the Crab included a system that made the flail rotor automatically track the contours in the ground - this ensured mines buried under a dip in the ground would not be missed. A blast shield between the flail and the tank gave added protection from detonating mines.
Great attention was paid to marking the cleared path through the mine field. Crabs carried bins filled with powdered chalk that slowly trickled out to mark the safe route. They were also equipped with a hopper that periodically dropped smoke grenade markers and dispensers with illuminated poles that could be automatically planted in the ground at intervals. A pair of lit masts were mounted at the back for station-keeping when two Crabs were flailing together. Dust clouds reduced visabality to a minimum and careful control was essential to make sure the tanks' paths didn't drift apart, leaving an uncleared strip of ground between them.
The Crab had disadvantages. Flailing did not remove all mines. The Crab could only move at 1.25 mph (2 km/h) when flailing and the gun had to point to the rear so the tank could not fire. As with the Scorpion, flailing raised a huge cloud of dust. Despite all this, it was an effective and valuable vehicle during and after D-Day. Especially as the Germans made extensive use of minefields to slow the Allied advance during the last months of the war.
The Sherman Crab saw limited use by the American army, the Crab Mark 1 was designated the Mine Exploder T2 Flail and the Crab Mark II the Mine Exploder T4. The Mine Exploder T3, T3E1 and T3E2 were all experimental American Sherman mine flails that were cancelled. The flail idea was also copied by the Japanese, who produced a vehicle called the Mine Clearing Tank G that was based on a Type 97 Chi-Ha tank. In the 1950's, the British Army used Churchill tanks fitted with flails - this was the Churchill Flail FV3902 or Toad.
[edit] Modern Use
Mine flails continue to be used although their role has changed. During World War 2, they were used in combat to clear paths through a defender's mine-field during a large-scale assault. The modern equivalents are used by both by armies and by non-military organisations engaged in humanitarian demining. Unlike their WW2 predecessors, modern mine flails are intended for use in secure areas. They are not armed combat vehicles and only carry the armour necessary to protect the operator from mine explosions. Instead, modern mine-flail vehicles are intended to destroy only anti-personnel mines and receive significant damage if they accidentally trigger a larger anti-tank mine.
Several designs, such as the Hydrema 910, are based on a truck chassis with an armoured cab and a flail mounted behind on what would otherwise be the cargo space. They are able to drive to the mined site like any other road vehicle. During flailing operations, they slowly drive in reverse over the mine field - in this way, the cab is kept as far as possible from any detonations. Some mine-flail vehicles are operated under remote-control for safety. The Dok-ing MV4 is a small, remote-controlled vehicle which is more easily moved to remote or inaccessible locations and may be used in more confined areas.
Tanks are still occasionally used to carry flails. However, they have the disadvantage of having the driver at the front, close to the flail and any explosions. Also, the minimum speed of tanks tends to be too fast for effective mine-clearing and the weight of tanks makes them difficult to transport (by contrast, the 18-ton Hydrema 910 is light enough to be moved by air in a C-130 Hercules.) The tanks used have generally been obsolete models that have been highly modified - some work under remote control, others have had the driver's station moved to the rear. In modern times, there has been little military interest in an updated equivalent of the Sherman Crab or Matilda Scorpion - a substantially unmodified tank still capable of combat. In battle, the modern preference is to detonate mines with explosive devices such as the Antipersonnel Obstacle Breaching System or the Giant Viper. During the Gulf War, the U.S. 2nd Marine Division made an attempt to breach an Iraqi mine field with a mine flail mounted on an Armored bulldozer. But the flail was destroyed and the bulldozer crippled by an Iraqi anti-tank mine.[3]
Mine flails have the advantage of being able to clear most mines from an area comparatively rapidly - the manufacturer of the Aardvark Mine flail quotes a maximum rate of 3000 square meters (0.75 acres) per hour, however 600 m2 is more usual. Also, flails don't place their operators at significant risk, unlike manual demining. [4]
However they have come under criticism. [5] They represent a large cost for non government, humanitarian organisations (an Aardvark Mine flail costs around $500,000 US.) They consume a lot of fuel, can be unreliable and require spare parts that are difficult to obtain in remote regions. This leads to high operating costs and possibly lengthy periods when the flails are out of service.[6]
It is known flails don't reliably detonate all the mines in the area being swept, leaving it potentially hazardous. Some mines, such as the Italian MAT/6 mine are designed to be flail resistant; mines that have been buried for many years may fail to detonate when struck but may still be hazardous. Also, some mines are smashed without being detonated. This still renders them harmless but the ground is contaminated with metal debris and explosive material. This makes it harder to carry out the necessary manual check of the area after the flail had finished, either with metal detectors or explosive sniffer dogs. There are also anecdotes of mine flails flinging live mines out of the mine field and into safe areas. An additional problem is the vulnerability of current mine flail vehicles to anti-tank mines. This means that if the presence of anti-tank mines is suspected, the mine-field must, paradoxically, be manually checked first to make it safe for the mine flail.[7]. These problems have led many humanitarian demining organisations to abandon the use of flails.[6]
However, experience in Afghanistan [7] suggests that, despite the disadvantages, mine flailing can, in certain circumstances, be a valuable step in a multi-stage demining process. They remove most mines but the area must still be checked manually. This is made easier by the fact that the flails strip most vegetation from the minefield and are very effective at disposing of trip-wire triggered Booby trap devices.
[edit] Surviving Vehicles
Sherman Crabs are displayed at the CFB Borden Military Museum, Ontario, Canada; the Yad la-Shiryon museum in Israel and the Overloon War Museum in the Netherlands. The Bovington Tank Museum in England has both a Sherman Crab and a Churchill Toad in its collection.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ William Schneck (2005). "Breaching the Devil's Garden: The 6th New Zealand Brigade in Operation Lightfoot. The Second Battle of El Alamein". United States Department of Defense. Report Number: A045744
- ^ Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6203-1.
- ^ Thomas Houlahan (December 2001). "Mine Field Breaching in Desert Storm". Journal of Mine Action (5.3).
- ^ William E. Green (Summer 1999). "THE CASE FOR THE FLAIL Mechanical Landmine Clearance for the Humanitarian Application: A Manufacturer's View". Journal of Mine Action (3.2).
- ^ David Hartley (December 2003). "The Truth About Flails". Journal of Mine Action (7.3).
- ^ a b Andy Smith (August 2002). "Driving the HD Machine in the African Bush". Journal of Mine Action (6.2).
- ^ a b John L. Wilkinson (December 2002). "Demining During Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan". Journal of Mine Action (6.3).
[edit] External links
- Article from the Bovington Tank Museum.
- Detailed description of a preserved Sherman Crab tank.
- Description of the Danish Hydrema 910 Mine Clearing Vehicle.
- Danish Army website describing the Hydrema 910.
- Website of Aardvark Clear Mine Ltd. - Manufacturer of the Aardvark mine clearing vehicle.
- English Language Manufacturer's Website of the Hungarian Dok-ing mini-mine flail vehicle.
- Article about the use of the Aardvark and Hydrema by the US military in Afghanistan
