Milton Babbitt

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Milton Babbitt

Background information
Born	May 10, 1916
Origin	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Genre(s)	Classical
Occupation(s)	Composer, Conductor, Pedagogue

Milton Byron Babbitt (born May 10, 1916) is an American composer. He is particularly noted for his pioneering serial and electronic music.

1 Biography
2 Articles
3 List of Compositions
4 References
5 External links
- 5.1 Listening

[edit] Biography

Babbitt was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was raised in Jackson, Mississippi. He studied violin and later clarinet and saxophone as a child. Early in his life he showed ability in jazz and popular music.

Babbitt's father was a mathematician, and it was mathematics that Babbitt intended to study when he entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1931. However, he soon left and went to New York University instead, where he studied music with Philip James and Marion Bauer. There he became interested in the music of the composers of the Second Viennese School, and went on to write a number of articles on twelve tone music including the first description of combinatoriality and a serial "time-point" technique. After receiving his bachelor of arts degree from New York University College of Arts and Science in 1935 with Phi Beta Kappa honors, he studied under Roger Sessions, first privately, later at Princeton University.

In 1947, Babbitt wrote his Three Compositions for Piano, which are the earliest examples of total serialization in music, pre-dating Olivier Messiaen's Mode de valeurs et d'intensités by two years, and Pierre Boulez' Polyphonie X by five. The Composition for Four Instruments of the following year was Babbitt's first use of total serialism for instrumental ensemble.

In 1958, Babbitt achieved unsought notoriety through an article in the popular magazine High Fidelity. His title for the article, "The Composer as Specialist", was changed, without his knowledge or consent, to "Who Cares if You Listen?" More than 30 years later, he commented that, because of that "offensively vulgar title", he was "still ... far more likely to be known as the author of 'Who Cares if You Listen?' than as the composer of music to which you may or may not care to listen." (Babbitt 1991, ^[1])

Babbitt later became interested in electronic music. He was hired by RCA as consultant composer to work with their RCA Mark II Synthesizer, and in 1961 produced his Music for Synthesizer. Many other composers regarded electronic instruments as a way of producing new timbres. Babbitt was much more interested in the rhythmic precision he could achieve using the Mark II synthesizer, a sort of precision regarded, certainly so regarded in 1961, as impossible in performance by actual, live, human performers.

Babbitt continued to write both electronic music and music for conventional musical instruments, sometimes combining the two. Philomel (1964), for example, was written for soprano and a synthesized accompaniment (including the recorded and manipulated voice of Bethany Beardslee, for whom the piece was composed) stored on magnetic tape. This piece was written in collaboration with the poet John Hollander and was funded by the Ford Foundation.

Although it might appear that his usage of the Mark II Synthesizer put Babbitt in the habit of writing music of enormous rhythmic complexity, and that his subsequent pieces for conventional instruments with mortal performers became, as a result, so complex as to seem unplayable, in actuality his interest in these sorts of complexities preceded his time with the Mark II and has continued to the present day, well after the demise of the Mark II.

In 1973, Babbitt became a member of the faculty at the Juilliard School.

In 1982, the Pulitzer Prize board awarded a "special citation to Milton Babbitt for his life's work as a distinguished and seminal American composer."

Since 1985 he has served as the Chairman of the BMI Student Composer Awards, the international competition for young classical composers.

In 1986, he was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship.

In 1988, he received the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for music composition.

He is also a member of the Academy of Arts and Letters.

Babbitt's notable students include Benjamin Boretz, Michael Kassler, Paul Lansky, David Lewin, Donald Martino, John Rahn, J. K. Randall, Peter Westergaard, Godfrey Winham, Stephen Sondheim, Su Lian Tan, and Eric Ewazen.

In 2005, Babbitt's wife Sylvia died, as did his brother Albert E. Babbitt, Jr., a mathematician.

Babbitt has one daughter, Betty Anne Duggan, and two grandchildren, Julie and Adam.

[edit] Articles

(1965). "The Structure and Function of Musical Theory", College Music Symposium 5.
(1972). "Contemporary Music Composition and Music Theory as Contemporary Intellectual History", Perspectives in Musicology: The Inaugural Lectures of the Ph. D. Program in Music at the City University of New York.
(1992) [written 1946] "The Function of Set Structure in the 12-tone system." PhD Dissertation, Princeton University.
(2003). "The Collected Essays of Milton Babbitt." ed. Stephen Peles et al. Princeton University Press.

[edit] List of Compositions

1935 Generatrix for orchestra (unfinished)
1939-41 String Trio
1940 Composition for String Orchestra (unfinished)
1941 Symphony (unfinished)
1941 Music for the Mass I for mixed chorus
1942 Music for the Mass II for mixed chorus
1946 Three Theatrical Songs for voice and piano
1947 Three Compositions for Piano
1948 Composition for Four Instruments
1948 String Quartet No. 1 (withdrawn)
1948; 54 Composition for Twelve Instruments
1949 Film Music for Into the Good Ground (withdrawn)
1950 Composition for Viola and Piano
1951 The Widow’s Lament in Springtime for soprano and piano
1951 Du for soprano and piano
1953 Woodwind Quartet
1954 String Quartet No. 2
1954 Vision and Prayer for soprano and piano
1955 Two Sonnets for baritone, clarinet, viola, and cello
1956 Duet for piano
1956 Semi-Simple Variations for piano
1957 All Set for alto sax, tenor sax, trp, trb, cb, pno, vib, percussion
1957 Partitions for piano
1960 Sounds and Words for soprano and piano
1960 Composition for Tenor and Six Instruments
1961 Composition for Synthesizer
1961 Vision and Prayer for soprano and synthesized tape

Second Period

1964 Philomel for soprano, recorded soprano, synthesized tape
1964 Ensembles for Synthesizer
1965 Relata I for orchestra
1966 Post-Partitions for piano
1966 Sextets for violin and piano
1967 Correspondences for string orchestra and synthesized tape
1968 Relata II for orchestra
1968-69 Four Canons for SA
1969 Phonemena for soprano and piano
1970 String Quartet No. 3
1970 String Quartet No. 4
1971 Occasional Variations for synthesized tape
1972 Tableaux for piano
1974 Arie Da Capo for five instrumentalists
1975 Reflections for piano and synthesized tape
1975 Phonemena for soprano and synthesized tape
1976 Concerti for violin, small orchestra, synthesized tape
1977 A Solo Requiem for soprano and two pianos
1977 Minute Waltz (or 3/4 - 1/8) for piano
1977 Playing for Time for piano
1978 My Ends Are My Beginnings for solo clarinetist
1978 My Complements to Roger for piano
1978 More Phonemena for twelve-part chorus
1979 An Elizabethan Sextette for six-part women’s chorus
1979 Images for saxophonist and synthesized tape
1979 Paraphrases for ten instrumentalists
1980 Dual for cello and piano

Third Period

1981 Ars Combinatoria for small orchestra
1981 Don for four-hand piano
1982 The Head of the Bed for soprano and four instruments
1982 String Quartet No.5
1982 Melismata for solo violin
1982 About Time for piano
1983 Canonical Form for piano
1983 Groupwise for flautist and four instruments
1984 Four Play for four players
1984 It Takes Twelve to Tango for piano
1984 Sheer Pluck (composition for guitar)
1985 Concerto for piano and orchestra
1985 Lagniappe for piano
1986 Transfigured Notes for string orchestra
1986 The Joy of More Sextets for piano and violin
1987 Three Cultivated Choruses for four-part chorus
1987 Fanfare for double brass sextet
1987 Overtime for piano
1987 Souper for speaker and ensemble
1987 Homily for snare drum
1987 Whirled Series for saxophone and piano
1988 In His Own Words for speaker and piano
1988 The Virginal Book for contralto and piano
1988 Beaten Paths for solo marimba
1988 Glosses for Boys’ Choir
1988 The Crowded Air for eleven instruments
1989 Consortini for five players
1989 Play It Again, Sam for solo viola
1989 Emblems (Ars Emblematica), for piano
1989 Soli e Duettini for two guitars
1989 Soli e Duettini for flute and guitar
1990 Soli e Duettini for violin and viola
1990 Envoi for four hands, piano
1991 Preludes, Interludes, and Postlude for piano
1991 Four Cavalier Settings for tenor and guitar
1991 Mehr “Du” for soprano, viola and piano
1991 None But The Lonely Flute for solo flute
1992 Septet, But Equal
1992 Counterparts for brass quintet
1993 Around the Horn for solo horn
1993 Quatrains for soprano and two clarinets
1993 Fanfare For All for brass quintet
1993 String Quartet No. 6
1994 Triad for viola, clarinet, and piano
1994 No Longer Very Clear for soprano and four instruments
1994 Tutte Le Corde for piano
1994 Arrivals and Departures for two violins
1994 Accompanied Recitative for soprano sax and piano
1995 Manifold Music for organ
1995 Bicenguinguagenary Fanfare for brass quintet
1995 Quartet for piano and string trio
1996 Quintet for clarinet and string quartet
1996 When Shall We Three Meet Again? for flute, clarinet and vibraphone
1998 Piano Concerto No. 2
1998 The Old Order Changeth for piano
1999 Composition For One Instrument (Celesta)
1999 Allegro Penseroso for piano
1999 Concerto Piccolino for vibraphone
2000 Little Goes a Long Way for violin and piano
2000 Pantuns for soprano and piano
2002 From the Psalter soprano and string orchestra
2002 Now evening after evening for soprano and piano
2003 Swan Song No.1 for flute, oboe, violin, cello, and two guitars
2003 A Waltzer in the House for soprano and vibraphone
2004 Concerti for Orchestra, for James Levine and the Boston Symphony Orchestra
2004 Autobiography of the Eye for soprano and cello
2005-6 More Melismata for solo cello
2006 An Encore for violin & piano

[edit] References

Babbitt, Milton (1991). "A Life of Learning", American Council of Learned Societies, Occasional Paper No. 17. [2]
Dembski, Stephen and Straus, Joseph N., eds. Milton Babbitt: Words about Music. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. ISBN 0-299-10790-6.
Mead, Andrew. An Introduction to the Music of Milton Babbitt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-691-03314-5.