Mezhraiontsy
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Mezhraiontsy or Mezhraionka (Russian: межрайонцы), usually translated as the interdistrictites (from the Russian "mezh-", i.e. "inter-", and "raion", i.e. "district"), was a small Petrograd-based group within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, which existed between 1913 and 1917. It merged with the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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[edit] Background
Russian social democrats had been split into numerous factions along political and ethnic lines since at least 1903 when the original divisions between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks arose. After the defeat of the Russian Revolution of 1905 in 1907, both the Bolshevik and the Menshevik factions split into smaller factions. In January 1912, the dominant Bolshevik faction led by Vladimir Lenin held a meeting in Prague, formed its own party and split from other Bolshevik and Menshevik groups. In response, most Mensheviks, Leon Trotsky's followers, the Jewish Bund and other ethnic social democratic groups held a meeting in Vienna in August 1912 and formed a competing party, the so-called August Bloc.
[edit] Formation of the Mezhraionka
As a result of these developments, by late 1912 there were 2 separate social democratic organizations in St. Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire. The Bolsheviks had their "St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDRP(bolsheviks)" and the "August Bloc" supporters had their "Initiative Group of the RSDRP". Some St. Petersburg social democrats were unhappy with this split and created an alternative organization that would, they hoped, eventually unite all fragments of revolutionary social democracy in Russia. The only exception that they made was for those Mensheviks who were concentrating on legal forms of oppostionist activity at the expense of revolutionary activities.
The Mezhraiontsy group was founded in November 1913 by three Bolsheviks (Konstantin Yurenev, A.M. Novosyolov and E.M. Adamovich) and one Menshevik, N.M. Yegorov. Yurenev was the informal leader of the organization until May 1917 except for one year between February 1915 and February 1916, which he spent in jail on charges of subversive activities.
[edit] Growth during the war
At the outbreak of World War I in July-Augist 1914 (and subsequent change of St. Petersburg's name to "Petrograd"), the faction lines within the RSDRP were drastically redrawn over the issue of support for the war. Those who supported the war were called "Defensists" and those who were opposed to it were called "Defeatists". Most members of the Mezhraionka, as well as Lenin and some Mensheviks, adopted an anti-war position and by late 1915 the organization had 60-80 members. Due to growing popular disillusionment with the war, by the time the February Revolution of 1917 broke out, the organization had 400-500 members.
[edit] 1917 Revolution
Mezhraionka members were active in Petrograd during the revolution, seizing a printing plant and publishing the first leaflet calling for an armed uprising on February 27 O.S.. After the formation of the Petrograd Soviet later that night, the Mezhraionka was given 1 seat in its Presidium vs. 2 seats allocate to each nationwide socialist party like the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party.
Although the Mezhraionka's original goal was to unite all Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in one party, the divisions over Russia's participation in the war proved too deep. On April 12, 1917, the Mezhraionka refused to participate in a Menshevik-sponsored unification conference because it would be dominated by the Defensist wing of the Mensheviks. From that point on, their positions began to converge with the Bolshevik positions, which were becoming more radical after Lenin's return from abroad.
[edit] Merge with the Bolsheviks
With the return of many anti-war social democratic emigres from European exile in April-June 1917, the Mezhraionka was a natural place for them to join. A number of prominent social democrats like Leon Trotsky, Adolf Joffe, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Moisei Uritsky, David Riazanov, V. Volodarsky, Lev Karakhan and Dmitry Manuilsky joined it at that time.
The Mezhraionka merged with the Bolsheviks at the VIth Party Congress in late July-early August 1917. Many of its former members played an important role during the October Revolution later in the year and the subsequent Russian Civil War.
[edit] References
- Miller, Viktor Iosifovich. (1991). Konstantin Konstantinovich Yurenev. In Alʹbert Pavlovich Nenarokov (Ed.), Revvoensovet Respubliki: 6 sentiabria 1918 g.-28 avgusta 1923 g. Moscow: Politizdat. ISBN 5250008038
- Yurenev, Konstantin K. "Mezhraioka (1911-1917 gg.)" in Proletarskaya Revolyutsiya, 1924, No. 1 and 2.
